The Present Perfect tense

НАСТОЯЩЕЕ СОВЕРШЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

Настоящее совершенное время выражает завершенность действия, его результат, показывая его связь с настоящим моментом.

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Для образования этой грамматической формы используется вспомогательный глагол to have в форме настоящего времени (то есть форма have для местоимений I, you, we, they и форма has для местоимений he, she, it) и причастие II (Participle II) смыслового глагола для всех лиц и чисел:

I, you, we, they have done something

He, she, it has done something

I have gone; we have studied; they have liked; you have read; he has done; she has been; it has rained

УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ

1. Для выражения действия, которое уже закончилось до момента речи и связанного с ним результатом этого действия, поэтому его можно назвать преднастоящим. Время действия, как правило, не указывается, (оно не имеет значения), так как важен сам факт совершения действия к настоящему моменту или его результат.

I have already seen this film. I think it is dull.

I’ve bought a new disk today. Let’s listen.

Don’t go to the baker’s. Mother has bought some bread.

She has never read this book.

Jim has washed everything up.

В этом значении the Present Perfect часто употребляется с наречиями just, already и yet (в отрицательных предложениях). Эти наречия подчеркивают тот факт, что действие, которое началось в прошлом, завершилось очень близко к моменту речи (к настоящему моменту).

The mail has just come.

We have already come to a definite conclusion.

I haven’t seen her yet.

На русский язык предложения с the Present Perfect такого типа переводятся глаголом совершенного вида в прошедшем времени (то есть отвечающими на вопрос Что сделал?).

Обратите внимание, что если время действия указано, то в английском языке используется только the Past Simple!

She read the book two days ago.

Jim washed everything up yesterday.

I saw this film last month.

2. Для выражения действия, которое уже завершилось, но тот период, в который оно происходило, еще продолжается и может быть обозначен следующими обстоятельствами времени (time-indicators):

today I haven’t had time to look at the papers today.

this week I’ve seen the film twice this week.

this month She has called me many times this month.

this year They haven’t often been to the theatre this year.

this century, etc. The science has developed a lot this century.

Если период времени, в который происходило действие, уже закончился, то в английском языке используется только the Past Simple!

At 11 o’clock: I have seen Tom this morning.

At 13 o’clock: I saw Tom this morning.

3. Для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось до настоящего времени и продолжается сейчас (то есть преднастоящее + настоящее). Очень часто в предложениях с the Present Perfect такого типа используются глаголы, которые не употребляются в Continuous. На русский язык такие предложения, как правило, переводятся глаголами в настоящем времени.

I have known him all my life.

He has possessed this house since his father’s death.

I have always loved you.

They have lived in Kiev for ten years.

В этом значении the Present Perfect также употребляется с предлогами for, который показывает, как долго уже длится действие и since, который обозначает момент начала действия в прошлом.

We have been partners since 1993.

They have known each other for 10 years.

I’ve owned this flat since my parents bought it for me.

He has lived in London since his family moved there in 2000.

I haven’t seen them for a week.

С глаголами to live, to study, to work и другими, выражающими процесс, длительное действие, возможно использование как the Present Perfect, так и the Present Perfect Continuous:

I have worked at my report since early morning.

I have been working at my report since early morning.

4. Употребляется с наречиями, обозначающими частотность или неопределенность времени действия, такими как:

always The pupils have always liked his lessons.

often We’ve often been to the theatre this year.

ever Have you ever been to Rome?

never I have never seen this man.

5. Употребляется в придаточных предложениях времени после союзов when, before, as soon as, till, until, after для того, чтобы подчеркнуть завершенность действия (вместо the Present Simple).

when We’ll have dinner when he has come at last.

before I won’t go shopping before it has stopped raining.

as soon as You’ll go for a walk as soon as you’ve done your homework.

till They will wait till the match has finished.

until Charlie, you will not leave the table until you have eaten your porridge.

after We’ll talk about it after we have had lunch.

THE PRESENT PERFECT НЕ УПОТРЕБЛЯЕТСЯ:

1. В вопросах, начинающихся с вопросительных слов When и How.

When did you meet?

How did it happen?

2. С глаголами to hear, to understand, to forget и др., при передаче ситуаций, в которых соответствующие русские глаголы должны быть употреблены в прошедшем времени. В этих случаях чаще всего употребляется the Past Simple (реже the Present Simple):

I didn’t hear your question. I forget where he lives.

What did you say? I hear that Mike is in Kiev.

Did you sleep well? Now I understand.

Where did you buy this book?

3. Если в предложении или вопросе есть указание на точное время совершения действия, которое может быть выражено наречием, временным словосочетанием или придаточным предложением времени. В этом случае используется только the Past Simple!

We were friends when we were in school.

John visited us in 2004.

Did you read anything interesting last summer?

EXERCISES

Exercise 50. Translate into Russian explaining the usage of the Present Perfect.

1. He has passed the interview and he's happy. 2. Have you ever tasted African food? 3. We have known each other since 1990. 4. I've been here for an hour already. 5. The manager hasn't come yet. 6. They have known it all the time. 7. Thank you for everything what you've done for me. 8. I've studied the last few e-mails from Paris and I've come to a decision. 9. Have I told you lately that I love you? 10. Did you forget? I've just told you about it. 11. He has no wife as he has never met the right person, but he hasn't given up hope. 12. Since I've known you, you've always been a workaholic. 13. I hope we haven't made a mistake. 14. The weather has been terrible lately. 15. We've been in class since 10 o'clock this morning. 16. Jackie has been out of town for two days. 17. I've been to Europe many times. Have you? 18. – What's the time? – Sorry, I have left my watch at home. 19. I can't get into the room. I have lost the key. 20. It is absolutely dark in the room. Who has turned off the light? 21. – I don't see my dictionary on the table. Who has taken it? – It's me. I have put it on the shelf. 22. – Where are the students? – They have just left for the library. 23. My sister has always helped me with my English. 24. You have never heard about it, have you? 25. We haven't yet read about it in the newspaper. 26. He hasn't written to her yet. 27. I haven't spoken to him yet. 28. – Has everybody come? – Yes, all are present. We can begin this meeting. 29. Have you ever seen this film? 30. I have often been to the Museum of Art. Have you? 31. We have not seen him since we finished school.

Exercise 51. Use the correct form of the verb in the brackets.

1. Bob and Jane are old friends. They …… (know) each other for a long time. 2. I don't like this weather. It …… (be) cold and cloudy for the last three days. 3. Paul …… (learn) a lot of English since he came here. 4. Victoria can go to bed now, she …… (finish) her homework. 5. My brother is at home in bed. He …… (be) sick for a week. 6. I …… (not write) to my sister in a long time. 7. We never …… (meet) Betty's parents. 8. He never …… (visit) Hong Kong, but he'd like to go there someday. 9. She already …… (call) them and …… (invite) them to dinner. 10. Where you …… (be) all this time? I am waiting for you. 11. I am afraid the boss is out. He …… (go) to the bank. 12. You ever …… (eat) any seafood? 13. My parents …… (be married) for twenty years. 14. I …… (tell) you this so many times before! Is it so difficult to understand it? 15. I am so happy that my wedding …… (come). 16. My little cousin already …… (learn) to read. 17. What a strange expression! I …… (not hear) it for years. 18. Put on your red dress. You …… (not wear) it for so long! 19. Jack and Amalia are the only people I ever …… (love). 20. We …… (not hear) from them lately. No news …… (come) so far.

Exercise 52. Use a perfect form choosing a suitable verb from the list:

to punish, to lose, to disobey, to break, to have, to miss, to receive,

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