North America

The information given below can be of use when answering the questions above.

Introduction

The British Empire, name given to United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the former dominions, colonies, and other territories throughout the world that owed allegiance to the British Crown from the late 1500s to the middle of the 20th century. At its height in the early 1900s, the British Empire included over 20 percent of the world’s land area and more than 400 million people.

The foundations of the British Empire were laid during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603). Under Elizabeth, English support for naval exploration increased dramatically, and in 1580 Sir Francis Drake became the first Englishman to sail around the world.

The establishment of the empire resulted primarily from commercial and political motives and emigration movements; its long endurance resulted from British command of the seas and preeminence ([pri'emɪnən(t)s] превосходство) in international commerce, and from the flexibility of British rule. At its height in the late 19th and early 20th cent., the empire included territories on all continents, comprising about one quarter of the world's population and area. Probably the outstanding impact of the British Empire has been the dissemination ([dɪ’semɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] распространение) of European ideas, particularly of British political institutions and of English as a lingua franca, throughout a large part of the world.

The First Empire

Th century

North America

The origins of the empire date from the late 16th century with the private commercial ventures (chartered and encouraged by the crown), of chartered companies. (chartered companies – associations for foreign trade, exploration, and colonization that came into existence with the formation of the European nation states and their overseas expansion. An association received its charter from the state and sometimes had state support. The company received a monopoly of trade or colonization in a certain region and customarily exercised lawmaking, military, and treaty-making functions, subject to the approval of the home government, besides other privileges).

In the 17th century European demand for sugar and tobacco led to the growth of plantations on the islands of the Caribbean and in SE North America. These colonies, together with those established by Roman Catholics and Protestant dissenters ([dɪ'sentə] инакомыслящий) in NE North America, attracted European settlers. Organized by chartered companies, the colonies soon developed representative institutions, evolving from the company governing body and modeled on English lines.

The first permanent English settlement in North America was established in 1607 at Jamestown, Virginia. In 1620 the Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts Bay and founded Plymouth Colony, the first permanent English settlement in New England. The colonists set up a Puritan community, forming the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1628.

(По королевской хартии компания получила право не только на рыболовство и пользование другими ресурсами новой территории, но и на создание своего правительства. Королевская хартия одновременно стала основным законом колонии).

Other religious colonies were established in Rhode Island (1636), Connecticut (1639), and Maryland (1634).

These colonies stayed close to the coastline, never penetrating far inland, and in fact each was linked more closely to England than to the other colonies. However, because of the distances involved, effective government from England was impossible, so colonial governors were authorized to form assemblies elected from among the colonists to act as a legislative body and advise the executive.

English presence was gradually extended further down the eastern coastline. In 1664 New Amsterdam was seized from the Netherlands and renamed New York. The Dutch inhabitants were the first large, established community overseas to be brought forcefully under English rule. In 1681 under a royal grant the colony of Pennsylvania was formed.

After 1688 wars with France led to further English expansion. Colonies in New England grew steadily, and the Hudson’s Bay Company was established near Hudson Bay to participate in the fur trade. This growing English presence intensified friction (разногласия) in the 1690s with New France.

(At its peak in 1712, New France's territory stretched from Newfoundland to Lake Superior, and from the Hudson's Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. It included five colonies, each with its own government.• Canada: most of the current provinces of Quebec and Ontario • Acadie: also called, with current Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, eastern Quebec, and most of New England (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut) • Terre Neuve: current Newfoundland • La Baie d'Hudson: the Hudson's Bay • La Louisiane: the entire basin of the Mississippi

As a result of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), in which England (by now Great Britain) and its allies fought against France and Spain, British forces captured the French American possessions of Acadia [ə'keɪdɪə] and Newfoundland. The Spanish islands of Gibraltar [ʤɪ'brɔ:ltə] and Minorca [mɪ'nɔ:kə]were seized in the same conflict, giving Britain for the first time a territorial presence in the Mediterranean Sea. The Peace of Utrecht (1713) (['ju:trekt] Утрехт город в Нидерландах) resolved the war, and officially ceded the conquered lands to the British. It also extended British rights to supply slaves and other trade goods to the Spanish Americas, and as a result, established Britain’s status as an overseas power approximately equal to its main European competitors.

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