The use of the Present Perfect.

THE PRESENT PERFECT

The formation of the Present Perfect.

1. The Present Perfect is formed by means of the Present Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb.

2. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I have worked Have 1 worked? I have not worked

He has worked Has he worked? He has not worked

She has worked Has she worked? She has not worked

We have worked Have we worked? We have not worked

You have worked Have you worked? You have not worked

They have, worked Have they worked? They have not worked

3. The contracted affirmative forms are:

I’ve worked; He’s worked; You’ve worked

I haven’t worked; He hasn’t worked; You haven't worked

4. The negative-interrogative forms are:

Has she not worked? \ Hasn’t she worked?; Have you not worked?\ Haven’t you worked?

The use of the Present Perfect.

1. The Present Perfect denotes a completed action connected with the present.

I am a little frightened for I have lost my way.

The Present Perfect is frequently used with the adverbs just, yet, already and of late.

I have just written to him.

2. The Present Perfect is used in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future.

Don’t buy any more meat to-morrow until you have spoken to the mistress about it.

Note. — Verbs of sense perception and motion such as to hear, to see, to com e,

to arrive, to return in adverbial clauses of time are generally used in the Present Indefinite and not in the Present Perfect.

I am sure he will recognize the poem when he hears the first line. Я уверен, что он узнает стихотворение, когда услышит первую строчку.

When the completion of the action is emphasized, the Present Perfect is used.

He will know the poem by heart when he has heard it twice. Он будет знать стихотворение наизусть, когда дважды прослушает его.

3. The Present Perfect denotes an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on. In this case either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration. Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action. This use of the Present Perfect is called the Present Perfect

Inclusive.The Present Perfect Inclusive is used:

(a) with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form.

“She’s dead — has been dead for hours,” said the doctor.

I have known him for many years.

(b) in negative sentences.

I have not slept since that night.

The Present Perfect is hardly ever used in the following cases.

1. Я не слышал вашего вопроса. I did not hear your question.

2. Мне сказали, что Мэри в Москве. I am told that Mary is in Moscow.

3. Я слышал, что Мэри в Москве. I hear that Mary is in Moscow.

4 I forget (have forgotten) where he lives. I forget (have forgotten) the title of the book.

Compare: I have forgotten to ring her up (a certain action).

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