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THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
| Positive | Negative | Interrogative |
| I had worked (had done) | I had not worked (I had not done) | (What) Had I worked? Had I done? |
| I’d worked (I’d done) | I hadn’t worked (I hadn’t done) | Who had done? She had done, hadn’t she? |
Grammar Reference
1. The Past Perfect Tense denotes an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
The Past Perfect is not used to denote a succession of actions. In this case the Past Indefinite is used.
2. The Past Indefinite is used with the conjunctions after, before, when if the succession of actions should be expressed.
The Past Perfect is used with the conjunctions:
Hardly
Scarcely
+ Past Perfect … when + Past Indefinite
Nearly
Barely
· The jury had hardly announced the verdict when a new eye-witness appeared.
Exercise 1
Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Past Perfect Tense.
1. They told us how they had reported for the jury duty.
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2. When the clerk of the court called his number, the potential juror entered the courtroom.
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3. We were sure the attorney for the defense and prosecution had already asked him questions.
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4. The court reporter had already recorded Mr. Jones’ answers when he decided to change them.
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5. They reported that they had just selected jurors for the trial.
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6. As the juror hadn’t answered the attorney’s questions honestly, it didn’t provide the defendant with a fair trial.
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7. When did you know that the plaintiff had brought the lawsuit against the corporation?
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8. Mary was late for work because she had had jury duty in a distant town.
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9. The jurors did their work correctly after the attorney had made his argument to them.
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10.The jurors had hardly taken their seats in the jury box when the trial started.
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Exercise 2
Respond to the following using the Past Perfect Tense.
Model:
Why didn’t you listen to the witness’s testimony? (to hear before)
I didn’t listen to his testimony, because I had heard it before.
1. Why didn’t you see judge Freed in London? (to leave)
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2. Why didn’t Kate want to serve as a juror? It could be good for her practice. (to have jury duty before)
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3. Why didn’t the witness for the defense tell the court about this episode? (to forget)
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4. Why didn’t Jeff hear about Jane’s interrogation? (to tell nobody)
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5. Why did the judge remove that juror? (not to answer the attorney’s questions honestly)
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6. Why couldn’t you get to court in time? (to get into a traffic accident)
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7. What did you learn about Bob? (to be released from a jury service)
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8. What did she read about the criminal in the newspaper?
(to commit a lot of serious crimes)
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9. What did he learn about Helen’s trial? (to be unfair)
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10. What did you know about the judge’s opinion? (to agree with the attorney’s argument)
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Exercise 3
Put the verb into the correct form, the Past Indefinite or the Past Perfect.
Model:
Was the judge in court when I phoned? – No, he had already left.
Was the judge in court when I phoned? – Yes, but he left soon afterwards.
1. The jury box was empty when he arrived. The jurors ______________ (to leave).
2. There were loud arguments heard from the next room, so we ______________ (to try) to find out what ______________ (to happen).
3. This judge cannot preside over the upcoming trial. He _______________ (to go) to another city yesterday.
4. When we were listening to the witness’s evidence we learnt that he just _______________ (to see) the suspect outside the court and the policemen were detaining him. So we ______________ (to decided) not to hurry with the conclusion.
Exercise 4
Unite the following pairs of sentences, using the Past Indefinite or the Past Perfect Tense. Use the conjunctions after, as soon as, before, until, till, when.
Model:
He left the prison. He went to England.
He went to England after he had left the prison.
1. The offender committed the crime. The police appeared. (before)
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2. The jury understood the evidence. The interpreter came. (as soon as)
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3. The attorney prepared all the documents. We went to forum shopping. (after)
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4. The attorney called in a new witness. The judge made that decision. (when)
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5. The judge released that juror. He listened to the attorney’s argument. (before)
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6. All rose. The judge entered the courtroom.(when)
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7. The lawyer didn’t say a word. The victim finished to tell her story. (until)
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8. Our defense lawyer didn’t ask another question. He received a definite answer to the previous question. (till)
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Exercise 5
Put the verb in brackets into the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous, the Past Perfect tenses.
1. They hardly (to enter) ___________________the door of the courtroom when the trial (to start)_____________________.
2. The lawyer for the prosecution nearly (to ask) __________________his question when the witness (to answer) _____________it immediately.
3. The court reporter (to type) ____________the attorney’s words very quickly and (to began) __________ preparing another document.
4. He (to break) ________________ traffic rules many times till the authorities (to debar) _________________ him the right of driving.
5. Suddenly the judge (to realize) ________________ that he (to doubt) ______________ the juror would be unfair.
6. The juror was a woman of twenty two who (to be) __________ obviously biased.
7. The man scarcely (to report) ________________for jury duty when the defense and prosecution attorneys (to find out) __________________ that he (not to be) _________________ a suitable juror for the case.
8. When I (to hear) _________ the judge’s sentence I (to decide) ____________to file an appeal and win the case at any price.
9. He just (to finish) ______________ the report and (to prepare)________________ another document when the attorney (to come) _____________ in and (to ask) _______________ to help him.
10. The bailiff (not/to be) _______________there five minutes when the fight (to begin) _______________.
Exercise 6
Translate the following sentences into English, using the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect tenses.
1. Когда репортер вошел в зал судебных заседаний, то не увидел свои важные документы там, где их оставил.
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2. Потенциальный присяжный заседатель не ответил и на половину всех вопросов, как адвокаты поняли, что он заинтересован в исходе дела.
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3. На суде несовершеннолетний обвиняемый не признался в том, что совершил это тяжкое уголовное преступление.
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4. На том судебном заседании судебный пристав подверг себя риску, чтобы обеспечить порядок. Он не раз делал это и раньше.
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5. Работники суда помогли свидетелю найти зал, где проходило судебное разбирательство.
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6. Мы узнали, что на судью, который руководит этим судебным заседанием, было оказано давление.
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7. Когда присяжный вошел в зал суда, судебный пристав указал ему на скамью, где уже сидели другие члены жюри.
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8. Как сообщил судебный репортер, судья исключил господина Белова из состава присяжных. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Присяжный ушел после опроса, так как адвокаты стороны защиты усомнились в его беспристрастности и не выбрали его.
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10. Едва лишь свидетель взглянул на подозреваемого мужчину, как вспомнил, что видел его на месте преступления.
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Test yourself!
1. Fill in the blanks with the terms from the box:
| clerk of the court | Prosecution | juror |
| defense | Bailiff | bias |
| preside | court reporter | proceeding |
1) ________________ is a person who writes everything that is said in court.
2) ________________ is a person who assists the judge with writing or administration.
3) The ________________ is the person accused of wrongdoing and his or her attorney.
4) The ______________ is an officer in court who keeps order and enforces good behavior.
5) If a person’s opinions are ____________ ed, then they show unreasonable preferences that are _________ ed on personal opinions.
6) A _______________ is a person who is a member of a jury.
7) The _______________ is the person and his or her attorney taking legal action against someone.
8) _________________ s are a series of events that happen in a formal, controlled way.
9) To ________________ means to be in charge of a formal meeting or ceremony.
2. Insert a suitable preposition where necessary:
1) Every person that reports _________ jury duty listens to a trial.
2) Attorneys __________ the defense will ask you questions.
3) A judge presides __________ the proceedings.
4) It provides the defendant ___________ a fair trial.
5) The defense brought the lawsuit _____________ the corporation.
6) Juror four shouldn’t sit ________ this trial.
7) This juror will be unfair ____________ my client.
8) The clerk of the court called ___________ another juror.
3. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using your active vocabulary:
1) Когда я вошел, адвокат обвинения уже задал обвиняемому несколько вопросов, относящихся к предстоящему судебному разбирательству.
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2) К 12 часам один из потенциальных присяжных уже ушел, и секретарь суда вызвал нового присяжного, который ожидал в холле.
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3) Сторона защиты была права, судье следовало бы освободить этого присяжного.
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4) Ваша честь, на этого присяжного было оказано давление! Он не мог быть беспристрастным.
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5) Я узнал, что судебное разбирательство проходит в зале суда на третьем этаже.
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4. Draw a descriptive mental map to show people in the courtroom. Comment on your map:
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Vocabulary
| pamphlet | инструкция, брошюра, пояснительная статья, справочник |
| to bias | оказывать давление или влияние, заинтересовать в исходе дела |
| employee | служащий, работник, сотрудник |
| jury duty | гражданская обязанность быть присяжным, работа в качестве присяжного |
| to report (for) | являться (на), являться (для) |
| description | описание, обозначение, характеристика |
| clerk of the court | секретарь суда |
| jury box | скамья присяжных в зале судебных заседаний |
| bailiff | судебный пристав |
| to direct | направлять, указывать дорогу, инструктировать |
| attorney for the defense | адвокат защиты |
| attorney for the prosecution | адвокат обвинения |
| to preside (over) | председательствовать, руководить заседанием, рассматривать дело |
| proceeding | судебное дело, судебный процесс, иск |
| court reporter | судебный секретарь, стенограф суда, судебный репортер |
| goal | цель, задача, намерение |
| juror | присяжный заседатель, член жюри, член состава присяжных |
| honestly | честно, правдиво, искренне |
| to provide (with) | обеспечивать чем-либо, снабжать |
| fair | честный, справедливый, беспристрастный, законный |
| upcoming | предстоящий, грядущий |
| to remove | исключать, отстранять от должности, снять |
| to protest a decision | опротестовать решение (приговор) |
| to release | освобождать |
| to doubt | сомневаться, подвергать сомнению |
| Your Honor | Ваша честь |
| to be unfair (towards) | быть несправедливым (по отношению к к-либо) |
| to have a point | быть правым в чем-либо) |
| to continue | продолжать, отсрочить разбор судебного дела, отложить |
| to call in | вызывать, приглашать |
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