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THE NOUN
SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
Rebecca Lake Huron
a tree an idea glass love
a house an offer iron fear
NOTE: Both common and proper nouns can be animate (e.g. a lady, Miss Brown) and inanimate (e.g. a feather, Newcastle)
PLURAL OF NOUNS
1. REGULAR FORMATION
a jacket – jackets; a book – books if the noun ends in a sibilant
a watch – watches; a box – boxes
ENDING -S is pronounced as:
· [s] after voiceless consonants a desk-desks;
· [z] after voiced consonants and vowels – a dog – dogs, a boy-boys;
· [iz] after sibilants (шипящие и свистящие звуки)in nouns ending in --s,-ss,-xx, -z,-sh, -ch,-tch, e.g .a bus – busses,a match-matches.
2. NOUNS ENDING IN “–Y”
if preceded by a vowel - y+S changes into -i + es, if it
a toy – toys; a day –- days is preceded by a consonant
a lady – ladies, a city - cities
3. NOUNS ENDING IN “–TH” = Noun + th + s, e.g.
a bath – baths; a moth – moths; a mouth – mouths; cloth – cloths
NOTES:
· Do not confuse clothes (одежда) and cloths (тряпки, куски ткани)
· In standard English –th before the ending –s is pronounced as [ðz] after long vowels and diphthongs and [θs] after short vowels, e.g.
a youth – youths [ju:θ] – [ju:ðz]; a smith – smiths [smiθ] – [smiθs]
4. NOUNS ENDING IN “- O”
pianos potatoes
If a noun ends in - o, it is necessary to decide whether it is a foreign word, abbreviated word like piano or neither of these.
a) Noun + o + s = If it is a foreign word or an abbreviated word, the ending –s is added to –o. It is true for:
· musical terms of Italian origin, e.g.
a solo – solos; a soprano – sopranos; a concerto-concertos; a piano - pianos
· proper names, e.g.
an Eskimo – Eskimos; a Philippino - Philippinos
· words of Greek origin, e.g.
a photo – photos; a radio - radios
· abbreviations, e.g.
a kilo (from kilogram) – kilos;
a memo (from memorandum) – memos;
· when the final letter –o is preceded by a vowel letter or sound, e.g.
a kangaroo– kangaroos; a cuckoo – cuckoos; a zoo – zoos
b) Noun + o + es = If it is supposed to be of British origin, the ending –es is added, e.g.
a potato - potatoes; a cargo – cargoes;
an echo- echoes; a hero- heroes;
a Negro – Negroes; a tomato- tomatoes;
a torpedo – torpedoes; a motto – mottoes;
a veto – vetoes
c)The letter “e” is optional in the following words:
commandoes; grottoes; haloes; mosquitoes; tornadoes; volcanoes.
5. NOUNS ENDING IN “–F ”
Some nouns change –f into – ves, while others don’t. To be on the safe side just remember 13 nouns that have these changes and don’t bother about the rest – treat them as regular nouns. The fact that some of these words rhyme may help you.
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