The Indicative Mood (изъявительное) 2. The Imperative Mood (повелительное)

The Subjunctive Mood (сослагательное) (including Conditionals)

The INDICATIVE MOOD shows that the action or state ex­pressed by the verb is presented as a fact. • He is leaving for France.

The IMPERATIVE MOOD expresses a command or a re­quest. It is used in the second person. It is formed with the help of the infinitive without parti­cle to. • Look out!

The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

The Subjunctive Mood shows that the action expressed by the verb is imaginary or desired (not a fact). It shows an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts.

I wish I were five years younger. If I were ill I should like to be cured by Dr Dim.

TO BE

1. used as an ordinary (notional) verb denoting existence: Mike is here. They are at home.

2. used as a link verb with nominal phrases: John i s a college student. It is black. Mary is 2.

Here TO BE is used to express:

- physical or mental condition: I am cold. He is excited.

- Age: How old are you? I’m ten years old.

- Size, weight, colour, distance, prices, etc.: How tall are you? What is your weight? (What do you weigh?) How much do you weigh? What colour is your hair? How much is this melon? What does this melon cost? What are you? What’s your job? What’s your occupation? Where are you from? What nationality are you? What kind of man is he?- He is nice and friendly. What is he like? Etc.

3. used as an auxiliary verb in continuous constructions and passive constructions:

He is reading. His lectures are listened with great interest.

4. used as a modal verb it expresses:

- plans and arrangements: The President is to visit Nigeria next month.(official). We were to do Ex. 40 on page 35.

- ‘ fate’: I thought we were saying goodbye for ever. But we were to meet again, many years later… (суждено было)

- orders: You are to do your homework before you watch TV.

- pre-conditions in IF-clauses: If we are to get there by lunchtime, we’d better hurry.

- prohibitions: (in notices and instructions) This cover is not to be removed.

- instructions: To be taken 3 times after meals (on a medicine bottle).

5. can take progressive (continuous) forms to express actions and behaviour but not feelings:

Tom is being foolish. (he is talking or acting foolishly) Tom is foolish.(Tom always talks or acts foolishly).

6. can be used with DO to make negative imperative sentences(telling someone not to do smth.): Don’ t be silly.; and in emphatic imperatives: Do be quiet! (Да успокойся ты!)

7. TO BE ABOUT + infinitive expresses immediate future:

They are about to leave (= They are just going start) Just can be used to make the future more immediate: They are just about to leave. (вот-вот)

Questions:

I. General: Are you busy just now? – Yes, I am. / No, I am not.

Is he sorry? – Of course, he is. No, he isn’t. I don’t think he is.

Isn’t she lovely? – Yes, very. (Yes, she is).

Aren’t the pictures beautiful? – No, they aren’t, I’m afraid.

II. Special: Special word + BE + other parts of sentence.

What is she? – She’s a student. When are you normally at home? – After lunch.

Who is that old lady? – Our teacher. Which is shortest way to the station? – By bus.

What kind of person is she? – She’s nice. How many people are there? – Not many.

What is he like? – He’s tall and athletic. How much is this dress? - $ 50.

III. Alternative: Is she at home or at work? – At home. Is it big or small? – Big.

Are they college students or high school students? – College students.

IV. Disjunctive (tag, tail): _____ body_____, + tail?

He is here, isn’t he? (positive ------------negative) They are students, aren’t they? (positive – negative)

It isn’ t black, is it? (negative --------positive) They aren’ t college students, are they?

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16