Exercise 4.2. Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for it.

1. This article concerns archaeological findings.

a. is about

b. surveys

c. overviews

d. concludes by

2. What is your assessment of her chances of winning?

a. prediction

b. suggestion

c. feeling

d. evaluation

3. Some people are scared of sophisticated technology.

a. interested in

b. informed

c. afraid of

d. aware of

4. In general, our business plan is OK, but I think we should make some alterations.

a. radical improvement

b. slight changes

c. useful amendments

d. important corrections

5. There are many gigantic buildings in New York.

a. tall

b. modern

c. gorgeous

d. huge

6. Virtual reality is an electronic marvel.

a. wonder

b. gimmick

c. monitor

d. device

7. He decided to buy a new computer.

a. sell

b. advertise

c. purchase

d. assess

8. The study revealed an extremely involved mechanism.

a. simple

b. interesting

c. complicated

d. strange

9. He concerns himself with astronomy.

a. is tired of

b. is interested in

c. doesn't like

d. thinks it is necessary to study

10. This theory involves a lot of aspects.

a. assumes

b. studies

c. includes

d. concludes

Exercise 5.1. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions that follow.

Fossil fuels

Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are known as fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are believed to have been formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals. Coal originates from ancient swamps, petroleum and natural gas were formed from ancient marine plants and animals. Coal is still an important source of electricity. Along with iron ore, it is also used to make steel. Because coal is a solid fuel, it has certain disadvantages, and burning it causes acid rain and air pollution. Displaced by cleaner fuels, coal consumption declined rapidly during the middle of the twentieth century. But coal reserves are estimated to be enormous, and, assuming that pollution control and clean-burning technologies now being researched are fully implemented, coal may still remain a major source of energy.	fossil — укр. викопний swamp — an area of land which is always full or covered with water укр. болото source — a place from which something comes; means of supply укр. джерело ore — rock, earth etc. from which metal can be obtained укр. руда to pollute — to make (air, water, soil etc.) dangerously impure or unfit for use укр. забруднювати rapid — fast, quick, swift укр. швидкий to implement — to carry out or put into practice укр. впроваджувати, здійснювати
The main use of petroleum is for liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, to say nothing of heat and electricity generation. Also many chemicals are produced from petroleum. These petrochemicals include chemical fertilizers, explosives, medicines etc. Oil at present accounts for around 45 percent of the planet's total energy consumption, and natural gas a further 25 percent. Natural gas is often found in the same wells with oil, but it may also be found separately. Natural gas is the cleanest-burning fuel that can be shipped through pipelines.	fuel — material that is used for producing heat or power укр. паливо to say nothing of — укр. не кажучи вже про well — a place where water (oil) can be taken from underground укр. свердловина to ship — to send to a distant place by post or other means, укр. перевозити pipeline — a line of connected pipes, often underground, especially for carrying liquids or gas a long distance укр. трубопровід.
Nuclear energy The world's first nuclear power plant began producing electricity in Britain in 1956. Originally,nuclear power was seen as a clean, inexpensive power source. Today, however, the nuclear power industry faces two serious problems: nuclear accidents and nuclear waste. Since the Chernobyl accident public opposition to expansion of nuclear power has grown.	accident — something unpleasant or damaging укр. аварія waste — used damaged or unwanted matter укр. відходи
Alternative (renewable) energy sources While oil has a unique status as an energy source, it is by no means without competition. Other
fossil fuels, such as coal and gas, are often less costly and compete effectively in certain sectors, such as electric power generation. However, there are energy resources (not based on fossil fuels) that are essentially inexhaustible, such as solar energy and other kinds of renewable energy. Flowing water is an important energy source. Hydroelectric power, or hydropower, produced by the force of running water is a renewable and relatively pollution-free source of electrical energy. Tidal energy could be a source of hydroelectric power in limited areas and has been pioneered in France. Attempts to raise deep ocean water to generate electricity are under way in Hawaii and other places. Wind can also be harnessed to produce electricity by the use of machines called aerogenerators. Wind is an unpredictable energy source that requires storage technology to fully use its benefits. Recycling or burning industrial and domestic garbage can also be used as a source of energy. In the oceans, air, land, underground the Earth has virtually unlimited energy sources. Many of them are nonrenewable, and may be of short supply in the future. We should seek and improve energy sources and use them more efficiently to maintain our energy supply and reduce environmental hazards.	unique — being the only one of its type укр. унікальний by no means — Ні в якому разі costly — costing a lot of money укр. дорогий to exhaust — to use up completely укр. виснажувати, вичерпувати to deplete — to lessen greatly in amount укр. вичерпувати, виробляти tide — a current of water caused by the regular rize and fall of the sea caused by the pull of the moon and the sun укр. приплив та відплив spring — a place where water comes up naturally from the ground укр. джерело to harness — to use (a natural force) to produce useful power укр. приборкувати, підкоряти to be under.way — moving forward укр. (починати) запроваджувати в життя, здійснювати to recycle — to treat (a substance that has already been used) so that it is fit to use again укр. переробляти для повторного використання virtually — almost, very nearly, practically укр. практично, майже to seek — to make a search (for); to look for; try to find or get укр. шукати hazard — something likely to cause damage or loss; a danger or risk укр. ризик, небезпека

Sources of Electricity Generated in the USA

1. What is the subject of the passage?

2. What kinds of natural resources do you know?

3. What are the main uses of coal, petroleum, and gas?

4. What are the positive and the negative aspects of nuclear energy as a power source?

5. What is specific about renewable energy sources?

6. What are the positive and the negative aspects of various renewable energy sources? Give your opinion. State the reasons why.

Exercise 5.2. Give English equivalents of:

морські рослини та тварини; важливе джерело; поряд з; тверде паливо; кислотний дощ; забруднення повітря; найчистіше паливо; альтернативні джерела енергії; енергія припливу та відпливу; перші спроби починають запроваджуватись у життя; приборкувати; майже необмежені можливості; джерела енергії, що поновлюються; зменшувати небезпеку для довкілля.

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