Part 1. Pasta manufacturing process.

Exercise 1. Translate the following words and word-combinations without a dictionary.

Press, practice, recipe, organoleptic characteristics, stabilization, combination, automatic press, guarantee, sterilizing machine, modified atmosphere.

Reading. Read the text and say what are the essential stages in pasta manufacture.

In the early factories, batch mixing of semolina and water was followed by extrusion of the resulting paste through presses containing dies. In modern practice, the bulk of alimentary pastes is made by continuous processes.

Major process stages in pasta production are: preparation of raw material; making dough; dough pressing; raw pasta cutting; drying; cooling (stabilization) of dried product; packing of the ready-made product. Production process of any conventional pastas includes all these stages, but the set of equipment may be different.

The pasta dough is prepared in continuous fashion by means of the kneading machine which entails the mixing of basic ingredients and necessary binding ingredients for vegetable pastas or the suchlike.

When the dough is homogenous, it passes on to the shaping phase by means of the automatic roller presses of a pasta sheet of a certain length (500 to 1200mm) and thickness, which then attains the desired thickness by means of the refining rollers.

This continuous sheet, obtained by means of equipment similar to that displayed in the Figure 41, then undergoes pasteurizing, wrapping, and cooling treatment. Due to a combination of the following treatments there is a guarantee that the duration of the product satisfies the desired organoleptic characteristics.

Then by means of the cutting machine or the cutter with automatically changing mould the sheet is cut into the predefined shape and length, ready for packing.

To increase the duration beyond the wrapping stage in a modified atmosphere, the product can be treated once more using sterilizing machine.

Figure 41. Equipment for the production of fresh long pasta (elevator, group of combined steam-pasteurization, wrapping and cooling system, cutting machine with rapid mold change)

Dough making, molding and cutting of pasta products may be done by the same machines - special presses or extruders of various design - without or with air removal (vacuum).

Process of the pasta production using pasta press, in fact, rather simple: flour, salt, water and other ingredients as required according to the pasta recipe are placed to the press receiver chamber where the dough is kneaded. Kneaded dough is moved to the next, processing bin of the press. Next the dough is fed to the worm chamber, where it is extruded through the dies and, after going through the cutting stage, becomes vermicelli, elbows, spirals, shells; length of the final products may be adjusted from the control panel. Resulting ready product is fed to the receiving trays.

Exercise 2. Translate the following word-combinations.

To be extruded through the dies, length of the final products, entails the mixing of basic ingredients and necessary binding ingredients, the receiving trays, according to the pasta recipe, extruders with air removal, dough kneading, beyond the wrapping stage.

Exercise 3. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box.

cutting machine kneading machine receiver chamber dies automatic roller presses

1. The pasta dough may be prepared by means of the ___ which mixes basic ingredients. 2. The dough is kneaded in the ___ of the pasta press.

3. Homogenous dough is shaped by means of ___.

4. The dough sheet is cut with a ___ into the product of predefined shape and length. 5. Kneaded dough is extruded through the ___.

Exercise 4. Checking facts and ideas. Decide if these statements are true or false. 1. Modern pasta manufacture is a continuous process.

2. Batch pasta production is not practised in our days.

3. The set of equipment is the same for all pastas. It includes pasta press and drying machine. 4. To make dough is to mix all ingredients such as water, flour, eggs and others.

5. The dough sheets are cut into pieces by means of the cutters.

Exercise 5. Match the verbs with their meanings.

1) to knead 2) to wrap 3) to extrude 4) to cut

5) to shape 6) to dry

7) to stabilize

a) to envelop in soft material

b) to shape dough by forcing it through a die c) to give a certain form

d) to work into a dough

e) to make free from moisture f) to make ready for use

g) to make stable

8) to prepare 9) to adjust

h) to divide with a knife

i) to combine the ingredients

10)to mix j) to regulate

Exercise 6. Fill in the text with the following numbers:

6.3 30-35 1.5-2.5 3.7 0.4 0.8 250 15-40 0.5 0.8

Alimentary pastes include such products as macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli, and noodles. Such products are often called pastas. Italy is regarded as the place of origin of macaroni products, and annual consumption in that country is as high as …kilograms per person. Annual consumption is about … kilograms in France, … in the United States, and only … kilogram in the United Kingdom. Pasta is manufactured in a wide variety of sizes and shapes (see Figure 14), the commonest being long, narrow strands. The most slender type of strand, vermicelli, sometimes called capelli d'angeli ("angel's hair") in Italy, has a diameter ranging from … to …millimetre and is normally cut into lengths of about … millimetres and twisted into curls. Short-cut vermicelli (…millimetres) is easy to manufacture and to dry. Spaghetti has a diameter of about …millimetres and is usually straight. Noodles are solid ribbons, about …millimetre thick, and in a variety of widths. Macaroni is the commonest type of alimentary paste; it is hollow and has a greater thickness than the others. It can be shaped in a variety of forms, such as long, short, large, small tubes, etc.

What type of pasta is the most popular in Ukraine? Describe it as in the text.

Exercise 7. Complete the scheme of the essential stages in pasta manufacture. Describe the process of pasta manufacture at the small food plants.

preparation of raw material

product wrapping

Exercise 8. Word building.

What is the meaning of the prefix over -? Translate the following words. Make up sentences with these words.

Overdo, overheat, overturn, overload, overgo, overdry, overdress, overbuy, overdraw, overcool, overset, overgrow, overcome, overestimate, overpower, overtake.

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