Literary Analysis: Evaluate and Connect

11. Make Inferences About the Author Summarize Pepys’s behavior in each of the following scenes. What can you infer about his character traits, or consistent qualities?

• his observations of King Charles II (lines 9–25)

• his escape from the Great Fire (lines 111–132)

• his attendance at the church service (lines 164–167)

• his visit to the Bear Garden (lines 168–179)

12. Interpret Diction and Tone Reread lines 68–101 of the selection, noting Pepys’s diction, or word choice. On the basis of phrases such as “my heart full of trouble” and “lamentable fire,” describe Pepys’s tone, or attitude toward his subject.

13. Examine Author’s Purpose In general, an author writes to fulfill one or more of these purposes, or goals: to inform, to express thoughts or feelings, to persuade, or to entertain. What is Pepys’s primary purpose in keeping his diary? Cite evidence from the selection to support your conclusion.

14. Analyze Diary The Diary of Samuel Pepys not only records the drama of public events but also provides a rare glimpse into the author’s views about social issues. What messages does Pepys communicate about the following?

• the English monarchy (lines 37–62)

• education (lines 156–159)

• material wealth (lines 141–159)

• marriage (lines 180–193)

15. Connect to History Review the chart you completed as you read the selection. What historical events presented in Pepys’s diary did you find most compelling? Explain the connections you made between these events and your own life experiences.

Literary Criticism

16. Critical Interpretations The author Virginia Woolf once said that the “chief delight” of Pepys’s diary is its revelation of “those very weaknesses and idiosyncrasies that in our own case we would die rather than reveal.” Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Explain your answer.

17. Writing About Literature Samuel Pepys uses vivid sensory details and specific descriptions to capture the characters, setting, and events he chronicles. Choose three descriptive details that you found to be particularly effective. Then write a brief analysis of how the descriptions enrich his diary entry.

18. Personal Writing Choose an event and write a diary entry about it, using Pepys’s diary as your model. Include the details and dialogue that made a particularly strong impression on you, and describe your thoughts and feelings about the event.

Reading Focus II: from A Journal of the Plague Year

(Fiction by Daniel Defoe)

KEY IDEA As Daniel Defoe emphasizes in his novel, a plague can strike indiscriminately and unpredictably. Even today, with advanced medicine, diseases capable of triggering epidemics remain terrible threats to society.

Before Reading: Meet Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731)

Daniel Defoe has been hailed not only as a pioneer of modern journalism but also as the father of the English novel. Best known for Robinson Crusoe, the tale of a man’s struggle for survival on a remote island, Defoe wrote more than 370 works, including novels, poems, histories, political and social commentaries, and essays, making him one of the most prolific writers of his day.

A Disastrous Childhood Defoe was born in London, probably in 1660, the year England reestablished itself as a monarchy. When Defoe was about five years old, bubonic plague broke out in London, taking the lives of thousands. A year later, a massive fire destroyed a considerable part of the city. Although Defoe and his family were spared, Defoe’s childhood memories of how people coped with crisis and fear no doubt helped inform his writing.

FYI Did you know that Daniel Defoe... • was an undercover government spy? • promoted several of his novels as memoirs? • died while in hiding from creditors?

A Daring Journalist Defoe began writing political essays in 1683, working at various times on behalf of both Tory and Whig causes. He contributed articles to more than 26 publications and started his own newspaper, the Review, writing nearly all the articles himself. He did not shy away from attacking government policies and was arrested more than once as a result of his inflammatory commentaries.

In 1702, his writings landed him in the pillory, a wooden device with holes for the prisoner’s head and hands. Prisoners in the pillory were usually pelted with rotten eggs and vegetables, but Defoe’s views were so popular that people drank to his health and threw flowers instead.

Novel Approach Defoe did not write his first novel, Robinson Crusoe (1719), until he was nearly 60 years old. It was tremendously successful, and he quickly published two Crusoe sequels, following them with several other novels, including Moll Flanders (1722), A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), Colonel Jack (1722), and Roxana (1724).

Belated Approval During his lifetime, Defoe was not highly regarded by his literary contemporaries. Jonathan Swift, for example, stated witheringly, “There is no enduring him.” By the mid-19^th century, however, critics had come to appreciate Defoe’s ability to plumb the depths of human emotion and to re-create in his fiction all the rich detail of real life.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16