Boyd, danah, & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–230.

Transformed media landscape

Tools are not socially interesting until they are technologically boring

Current era is largest increase in expressive capability in history

Four major communication developments before internet: Print, Telephone/Telegraph, Recorded photos/sound/movies; Broadcast radio/television

Media for groups vs. media for conversations

Major changes with internet

1) Internet first medium with native support for groups and conversations

2) Internet becomes mode of carriage for all other media; Media less just a source of information, now a site of coordination

3) Former consumers of information become producers of information

Great Firewall assumes: Media produced by professionals; comes from outside; produced relatively slowly; comes in small amounts. Internet environment changes this.

Media as global, social, ubiquitous, cheap

Increasingly we are in a media environment in which media are global, social, ubiquitous, cheap. Participants in media can now talk to one another. Media provide an environment Media less often about crafting a single message to be consumed by individuals and more about creating an environment for supporting and convening groups.

Clay Shirky: How the Internet will (one day) transform government | Video on TED.com. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_the_internet_will_one_day_transform_government.html

Martha Payne food blog

More media means more argument

Openness and speed as keys to effective argument

Scientific journal as a way of synchronizing scientific argument

Open Source programming as a model for effective argument

The problem of managing a large software project is the problem of managing

Version control system: corporation controls software, hires programmers, produces definitive versions of software.

Linus Torvalds: Designer of open source Linux software

Everybody should have access to all the source code all the time.

When you adopt a tool, you also adopt the management philosophy embedded in that tool.

Git: Distributed version control—software development tool that allows cooperation without coordination

All programmers have access to the code and can make changes to code

All changes are logged and available

Cooperation without coordination

This approach can be applied to law and democracy

Law has complex dependencies

Many opinions

Opinions must be resolved

Github tools for

Large-scale, distributed, cheap, in sync with ideals of democracy

Power: people experimenting with participation don’t have legislative power; people with legislative power are not experimenting with participation

Transparency does not equal openness

A new form of arguing has been invented in our lifetimes; It is large scale, distributed, cheap, and in sync with the ideals of democracy; Question is, are we going to take it and put it into service for society at large?

`’He says that people use GitHub for a hosting of projects and their joint development. Why the government can't make the same? Clay Shirky's inspiring performance showed that democracy can learn from Internet that it is not simple to be transparent, but also to use knowledge of all the citizens. Github approaches society to direct democracy, but is it really necessary? The Internet provides too much freedom to people and it can bring to self-damage. Do they really need public discussions of new laws and correction of laws by citizens? It's like giving the control over the nuclear weapon to mass. Personally, I approve Shirky's vision, however it is interesting for me, is it valid effectively and how well it influences society life?

I think, it is important to be very careful with it and if they'll do this sensibly and effectively, we can see the following evolution of politics when ordinary citizens will have more opportunities.”

Wikipedia exercise: Wikipedia as another tool for argument

McCarthy, H., Miller, P., & Skidmore, P. (Eds.). (2004). Network Logic: Who Governs in an Interconnected World? (Vol. 20). Demos. Retrieved from http://www.demos.co.uk/publications/networks

Definition of networks

Networks are the language of our times, but our institutions are

not programmed to understand them.

Node/point and Connection

Nicholas Christakis: How social networks predict epidemics | Video on TED.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/nicholas_christakis_how_social_networks_predict_epidemics.html

Networks as a model for predicting diffusion of innovation. Anytime transfer goes from one person to another, networks can be used to observe and predict that transfer.

We live our lives in networks (structures). We have different postions and relationships in the network.

Ties can be friends, spouses, sexual or not, etc. Nodes can be more central (with more connections) or less central (fewer connections).

Degree of node is the number of connections a node has. The higher the degree, the more likely that person will engage in whatever transfer is under discussion.

Mapping human social networks not always possible. Can figure out central people in network through friendship paradox (your friends have more friends than you do—friends of randomly chosen people have more friends than those randomly chosen people; when a random person nominates a friend, you move closer to the center of the network).

Experiment with H1N1 flu: Epidemics take route and affect people at central positions of network first

Can be used to predict anything that spreads through population via interpersonal influence: information, norms, behavior, etc.

Herd immunity: vaccinating people at central points in networks increases effectiveness of vaccine. Same amount of vaccine offers better protection for the entire community.

We can use massive data collection to understand what is happening in society and to intervene in advance in potential problems.

Computational social science: access to new data allow us to understand society in a way never before possible; how whole is greater than the sum of its parts. We can use this information to intervene in society in a way never before possible.

Nicholas Christakis: The hidden influence of social networks | Video on TED.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/nicholas_christakis_the_hidden_influence_of_social_networks.html

Widowhood effect: People have increased risk of illness or death when a spouse is sick or dies; observation that this extends beyond spouses, to others as well.

We are embedded in social networks. Why are we embedded in social networks? How do they form? How do they affect us?

Studying obesity epidemic through networks.

Clusters: groups of dense connections within a network. Clusters of obese and non-obese people. What causes clusters?

Study shows relationship: the more connections one has with obese people, the higher your risk of obesity.

Possible causes: Induction—I gain weight directly through my contact with overweight people; Homophily—I form a tie with you because of similarity; Confounding—We share a common exposure to something else that affects weight gain.

Social networks as living things we can study. Emotion as contagion, happiness clusters.

Position on the network may be

Networks as a kind of social capital; networks have value. Pattern of connections confers on people different properties. Ties among people create value.

Human beings assemble themselves and form a super-organism that cannot be understood at the level of the individual. Understanding social networks and how they form and operate can help to understand a wide variety of behaviors.

Spread of good and valuable things is required for maintenance of network. Social networks are required to spread these things. Social networks are a potential force for social good.

boyd, danah, & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–230.

boyd and Ellison's definition of Social Network Sites:

"(W)eb-based services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. The nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site."

Danah Boyd on Early Social Media. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fku-ajKKECo&feature=youtube_gdata_player

danah boyd on Teen Privacy Strategies in Networked Publics. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdLCKdjClFw&feature=youtube_gdata_player

boyd, danah, & Marwick, A. (2011). Social Privacy in Networked Publics: Teens’ Attitudes, Practices, and Strategies (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 1925128). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1925128

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