Northern/ southern / western / eastern

· Alexandria is located in northern Egypt. = in the north of Egypt

¨ لاحظ الاختصارات الآتية:

¨ BCE = Before the Christian Era = BC (Before Christ) قبل العصر المسيحي (قبل الميلاد)

¨ CE =Common Era / the Christian Era = AD (Anno Domini) بعد الميلاد

¨ Ever + PP. = that have (has) ever been + PP

· The Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built.

= It is the longest structure that has ever been built.

· It's the largest picture ever painted.

= It is the largest picture that has ever been painted.

Words often confused:

¨ lose (v) يفقد / يضيع / يخسر

¨ loss فقدان / خسارة

¨ loose غير محكم / غير مثبت جيدا / مفكوك

¨ illuminate يضيء / ينير ¨ eliminate يمحو / يزيل / يستبعد / يهزم

·The streets were illuminated with coloured lights.

·Our team was eliminated in the first round.

·We should try to eliminate illiteracy in Egypt.

¨ Size حجم ¨ Diameter قُطر

· I was amazed at the size of their garden.

· The diameter of the Earth is about 13,000 km.

¨ Know = have information about something يعرف

· There are instructions telling you everything you need to know.

· I have known him for years.

¨ recognize يتعرف علي / يعترف بـ (رسمياً)

· I didn't recognize you in your uniform.

· British medical qualifications are recognized in Canada.

● Listen to يستمع أو يصغي بانتباه ● Hear يسمع بدون قصد

¨ He listened to the news on the radio.

¨ She heard some noise outside.

¨ Raise your voice, please. I can't hear you.

● Cost يكلف ● Pay يدفع ● Charge يفرض أو يطلب ثمنا

· How much does a house like that cost in America?

· Can I pay by credit card?

· The restaurant charged us 40 pounds for the meal.

● historic هام من الناحية التاريخية

● historical هام من الناحية التاريخية / مرتبط بدراسة التاريخ

Historic / historical monuments آثار تاريخية

Historical research أبحاث في التاريخ

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:

1- The factory plans to (resist – arrest - invest – detest) in new computers.

2- The rock was cut (into – with – of – at) a rectangular shape.

3- The quickest way to get to the city centre is to (come – do – travel – take) an underground train.

4- Some people (communicate - commute – complain – compete) long distances while others work close to home.

5- A journey on the underground (costs – pays – gives – makes) one pound.

6- People can (keep – waste – save – develop) money by travelling on the underground.

7- The ancient temple's (massive – active – alive – alternative) stone pillars had begun to crumble ينهار.

8- The first line of the Paris Metro system (started – opened – destroyed – made) in 1900.

9- My father studied (engineer – engineers – engineered – engineering) at university and has designed many important bridges.

10- Education is a/an (investment – wish – desire - demand) in the future of a country and its young people.

11- Nearly four million (competitors – commuters – contractors – conductors) travel to and from London every day.

12- The Great Wall of China was a/an (investment – conservative – contemporary – massive) project which took hundreds of years to complete.

13- That tunnel has a (size – diameter – weight – price) of 7 metres.

14- The height of the (street – stiff – staff – cliff) is 25 metres.

15- The artist (harvested - carved – curved – starved) the sculpture from a massive piece of stone.

16- At night, bright lights always (illuminate – eliminate – contaminate – originate) the front of the palace.

17- If you want to ask the teacher a question, you should (rise – arouse – rise – raise) your hand.

18- The Sphinx is (postponed – possessed – preceded – positioned) near the Pyramids at Giza.

19- The statue of the pharaoh is a famous ancient (moment – memory – monument – mount).

20- The statue is built on a hard (basic – base – case – brass) made of concrete.

21- The (width – breadth – length – wealth) of the Great Wall of China is 6,400 kilometres.

22- The Great Pyramid is about 150 metres (height – weight – high – low).

23- A (minute – monument – moment – cement) is a large structure that is built to remind us of an important event or a famous person.

24- A cliff means high (racket – pocket – rock – stick).

25- To (carve – crave – achieve - activate) means to cut stone or wood into a particular shape.

26- To (bright – sight – fight – illuminate) is to make light shine on something.

27- To (erase – chase – raise – praise) is to move something to a higher position.

28- Many years ago, enemies were (attracting – attacking – attempting – attending) the rich towns of northern China.

29- Building the Aswan High Dam meant that the Nile Valley would be (fed – fled – flooded – defeated).

30- The massive statues were cut into pieces which (weighed – laid – paid – waited) over 30 tonnes each.

31- (Continually – Individually – Manually – Eventually), the wall reached a length of 6,400 km.

32- The work began in 220 BCE and (started – continued – opened – offered) for hundreds of years.

33- It was (unattainable – uncontrollable - unthinkable - uncountable) that Egypt should lose one of its most important monuments.

34- Today, the temples are an amazing (coronation – combination – communication – connection) of ancient and modern engineering.

35- Plans were (done – taken – made – given) to rescue the temples.

36- The work took more than 3 years (to complete –complete – completed – completing).

37- The government is trying to (attack – attend – attract – attain) more tourists to Egypt.

38- He walked fast because he didn't want to (lose – miss – loose – loss) the bus.

39- This is the greatest monument ever (discovery – discover – discovered – discovering).

40- The government should provide more money (with – for – at – on) education.

Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write it correctly:

1- A transporter is someone who travels a long distance to work every day..

2- He infected his life savings in his daughter’s business.

3- The explosion made a passive hole in the ground.

4- The funnel goes under the Nile.

5- A strong economy depends on a healthy manufacturing basic.

6- The statue was possessed at the entrance of the castle.

7- The government has made a plan to rise taxes.

8- It was unthinking that she could be dead.

9- The earth is discriminated by the sun.

10- Keep away from the edge of the stiff - you might fall.

11- Egypt has many amazed works of engineering.

12- There are a lot of history monuments in Egypt.

13- The street is 50 metres length.

14- We should stop people pollute the environment.

15- The Great Wall of China was built to keep the attackers of.

.

Making deductions الاستنتاج

¨ في حالة التعبير عن الاستنتاج في المضارع نستخدم:

must ª I am certain that he isn’t clever.

can’t He can’t be clever.

may + inf.

might ª Perhaps she speaks German well.

could She may speak German well.

¨ أحيانا يمكن أن تعبر الجملة عن الاستمرار وفي هذه الحالة نستخدم:

Must ª What is Ali doing in his room?

Can't I'm not sure. He may be studying.

May + be + V+ing ª What is Linda doing?

Might She must be working on her computer.

Could

¨ في حالة الاستنتاج في الماضي:

¨ Must have + PP. تعبر عن استنتاج مثبت مؤكد في الماضي

¨ Can’t have + PP. تعبر عن استنتاج منفي مؤكد في الماضي

¨ May have + PP. تعبر عن شيء ممكن أو محتمل في الماضي

¨ Might have + PP. تعبر عن شيء أقل احتمالا في الحدوث

¨ could have + PP. = may have / might have + PP

¨ واذا كانت الجملة تعبر عن الاستمرار نستخدم:

¨ Must have ª What was he doing in the early morning?

¨ Can’t have He must have been doing the exercises.

¨ May have + been + V+ing ª The light was on in his room after midnight.

¨ Might have He must have been studying.

¨ could have

·The streets are wet. It must have rained last night.

· He was here a minute ago. He can’t have gone too far.

· He doesn’t get the same train any more. He may have changed his job.

(=Perhaps he changed his job)

· I haven’t seen Melissa for ages. She might have moved. (=Perhaps she moved.)

¨ يمكن استخدام could بدلا من may / might:

¨ و يمكن أن تعبر could have + PP أيضا عن شيء كان من الممكن حدوثه ولكنه لم يحدث:

¨ Could have + PP.

· He hasn’t visited us for a long time. He could have been busy. (= He may/might have been busy)

· He was able to do the job but he didn’t.

He could have done the job.

Question tags

¨ السؤال المضاف للجملة معناه دائمـا "أليس كذلك؟"

¨ السؤال يكون عكس الجملة في الإثبات و النفي.

Uml; في السؤال المضاف للجملة نستخدم دائما ضمير فاعل.

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