Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. You must use your professional knowledge and active vocabulary of the unit.

A. a great deal of attention, provides, the behavior of individuals, a set of rules, public inspection, changes, to protect, stable, other types of social rules, precis, intuition.

B. Law is … created by a government to maintain social order so that life is reasonable safe and predictable. Law …slowly but follows society’s needs and circumstances in an attempt to reflect current ideas of justice. In modern societies, law governs the…, businesses, government agencies and other bodies. It strives … both the safety and the rights of individual citizens and social organizations. It thus … stability and order in many areas of life. Modern law differs from … in four crucial ways. To properly serve modern society law must be: 1) highly specific; 2) formally legitimate; 3) … and 4) logically consistent. Laws must describe forbidden behaviors and legal duties in the most … way possible. It is for this reason that … is given to the precise wording of each law proposed in a legislature. Very little can be left to … or even common sense when legal issues are involved. In democracies it must also be open for….

Exercise 6. Translate the words in brackets into English.

1. (Юридична дія) of criminal law (відрізняється від) civil law in three major ways. 2. Criminal law requires (більше доказів для звинувачення) than does civil law. 3. The state brings criminal changes (і одержує грошову виплату) from the guilty person. 4. (Життя і свобода вважаються) to be more valuable than property by American culture. 5. (Цей факт часто використовується) to justify the higher standard of proof required (в кримінальних справах). 6. (Фактично всі люди визнають) some sort of natural law. 7. Natural law is usually attributed to power superior to man (або суспільство) and stresses (мораль і логіку). 8. Equity is an appeal to social concepts of fairness that (користувались римляни та британці). 9. Neither Common law nor equity principles (не потребують того, щоб їх записували) in order to be effective. 10. Statutory law refers to the rules that are created (законодавчими актами) and other governmental bodies. 11. Case law (складається з) judicial interpretations of law supplied by appellate courts (в рішеннях, що написанні). 12. Case law (керується принципом) let the decision stand.

Exercise 7. How do you account for the fact that:

1. the stakes are higher in a criminal law than in a civil one in the USA;

2. all humans recognize some sort of natural law;

3. equity relies almost entirely on intuition and is not bound by prior decisions or a demand for logical consistency.

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