Look at these three ways of talking about an action in the future. Match them with the meanings below.

1 I'm doing a charity swim next Thursday afternoon.

2 I'm going to do a charity swim next Thursday afternoon if I have time.

3 І won't be here. I'll be doing a charity swim next Thursday afternoon.

The speaker:

a) is stating his/her intention - it may not happen.

b) is simply stating a fact about an action happening next week.

c) is talking about a fixed arrangement.

8. Which form is correct? Cross out the incorrect form. (In some cases, both are possible.)

1 I'm going to study / I'm studying medicine, but I don't know where yet.

2 Will you be passing /Are you passing the doctor's when you're out? I need my prescription.

3 І can't see you next Monday as I'm going to start / I'll be starting my new job that day.

4 I'm seeing / I'm going to see the doctor next week.

5 Don't contact me between 2.00 and 3.00 as I'll be operating I I'm going to operate on a patient then.

6 I'm starting I I'm going to start a new job at the hospital next week.

7 In a few minutes, we are landing / we will be landing in Lusaka.

8 I'm having an operation on Monday. I'll be recovering / I'm recovering next week and will miss the monthly meeting.

The world's first partial face transplant

Most people agree that November 24 and 25, 2005 are important dates in the history of modern medicine. At that time, a team of surgeons in France achieved a remarkable medical breakthrough when they succeeded in performing the first partial face transplant.

A 38-year-old Frenchwoman, Isabelle Dinoire, had been badly disfigured when her dog tried to wake her after she had taken some sleeping pills. After the dog's 'attack', she had terrible injuries. She had lost most of her nose, lips and chin. As a result,; she had difficulty eating and drinking. The doctors at the hospital decided to improve the quality of her life by giving her a partial face transplant.

Ms Dinoire is making a good recovery after her operation. However, she will have to take drugs for: many years to come so that her body does not reject the new face tissue. No one really knows what the effects of these drugs will be on her health in the long term. She will probably also need psychological counselling as she adjusts to her 'new face'.

Dr Jean-Michel Dubernard, a leading transplant expert who participated in the surgery, explained that the woman's face 'will not exactly resemble her face before, but neither will it completely resemble that of the donor.' He said, 'It will be a new face.'

While some people approve of the operation, others have been more critical. They question whether Ms Dinoire was able to consent fully to the operation when she was in such an emotional state at the time. Other medical experts say that the team should have tried more conventional reconstruction surgery before risking a face transplant.

The operation was the first partial face transplant using skin from another person. Apparently, skin from another person's face is usually a better match than skin from another part of the patient's body.

Since the French operation, surgeons in other countries have received permission to perform face transplants. In a few years' time, surgeons in such countries as the United States, Britain and China will probably have carried out many such transplants, and the debate about the ethical and moral issues relating to face transplants will undoubtedly continue.

Indeed, the whole issue of the modern medical practice of organ transplants will be a subject for ethical debate for some time: the need for organ transplants definitely won't decrease in the future, and, even more controversial, some scientists predict that by the end of the next decade, it will have become legal for people to buy and sell organs for transplant on the Internet.

9. In pairs, answer the following questions.

1Which organs are most commonly transplanted?

2 What problems can arise after someone receives an organ transplant?

10. Read the article quickly and answer the following questions.

1Why did Isabelle Dinoire need a transplant?

2 Was it successful? How do you know?

3 Is the operation likely to be repeated?

11. According to the article, which of the following will probably happen? Find the actual predictions in the text to support your answers.

1Isabelle Dinoire will need to be on medication for many years.

2 She will need to see a psychologist.

3 There may be many transplants in the US, UK and China.

4 There is unlikely to be further discussion of the pros and cons of face transplants.

5 It will be illegal to buy and sell organs on the Internet.

12. Put the following words in the correct order to make future perfect sentences.

1I'm afraid have won't I by then finished

2 in the field of transplants have we'll by the year 2050 made progress

3 had the operation have I'll by the time you get here

4 come out the hospital won't have of they yet

5 in weeks three term have will finished the

13. Find examples of the following from the article.

1the modal verb will to make a prediction

2 examples of adverbs of certainty, e.g. certainly, possibly

14. Complete the following sentences so they are true for you. Use will + infinitive or the future perfect, and an adverb of certainty where you can.

1 I_____(pass) my next English exams.

2 I_____(finish) ail this week's work by Friday.

3 І_____(learn) something new by the end of this class.

4 I believe there_____(be) a cure for cancer in the next 20 years...

5... and that we_____(replace) surgery for some types of cancer by less invasive treatments.

6 Scientists_____(develop) a vaccine against malaria by the end of the decade.

15. Complete this company announcement with the verbs in brackets, using will or the future perfect.

Anderson Bio-Sciences announces its takeover next week of the Essex-based company HCP. Together, ABS and HGP ¹_____(form) the largest genetic engineering company in the UK, and by 2020, we ²_____(expand) to employ over 1,000 people. In addition, by 2020 the company ³_____(become) the largest employer of medical researchers in the country. HGP is close to determining the entire sequence of the human chromosome set and we ⁴_____(publish) that knowledge base over the Internet. This ⁵_____(revolutionise) biology and medicine and ⁶_____(give) researchers huge potential to develop new drugs. In 2020 medical records ⁷_____(include) people's complete genomes and this ⁸_____(permit) doctors to treat people as biochemical and genetic individuals. By 2020, the company ⁹_____(make) substantial progress towards true 'cloning' of certain organs.

Investors interested in purchasing shares in this company should request further information at http

16. Read the extract from the information leaflet. If you lived in St Lucia and had a low income, what facts might encourage you to have medical treatment at the Dowling Hospital?

The Dowling Hospital is situated on the English- speaking island of St Lucia in the Caribbean. In cooperation with the Boston Medical Foundation (BMF), it offers a comprehensive range of health care. The hospital was founded in 1956 by a talented doctor, Edgar Dowling, who had high ideals about a fair society for all. The money to build the hospital came from a wealthy benefactor. Dowling wanted the hospital to provide low-cost treatments and medical care for the poorer sections of the community. Over the years, he built up a team who shared his principles.

Nowadays, the Dowling Hospital has an international reputation. However, at present the hospital is having financial problems, as costs have risen but the fees for treatments have remained low. Funds from charities have also "decreased in recent years.

Million-Dollar Grant for Dowling Hospital

the dowling hospital has announced that it will receive a grant of $1 million from the US-based Goldwater Foundation. This is welcome news for the hospital as it is known to be experiencing financial difficulties.'We are very pleased to receive the grant,' said Director, William Garvey. 'We have a number of projects which need to be funded, so the grant has come at the right time. We are grateful to the Goldwater Foundation for their generosity. The Dowling Hospital has always depended on funds from organisations such as Goldwater to provide high-quality treatments for our patients and to maintain our fees at an affordable level.'

We will inform our readers how the money will be spent as soon as the hospital management makes its decision.

17. Listen to the Dowling's Medical Director talking to the Nursing Director about the grant. Tick the reasons they mention for not spending the money on the gardens and full-time gardeners.

1One million dollars would not be enough to landscape the gardens.

2 The Boston Medical Foundation might not approve their decision.

3 They need new equipment to improve their medical care.

4 Medical research needs to be financed.

5 The local newspaper would want the money to be spent on poor people.

6 Diana Marsden would not approve of this kind of expenditure.

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