Exercises for section 2

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences determining where it is expedient to make the substitution of parts of speech:

1. Nuclear engineers are concerned with shielding systems to safeguard people from the harmful effects of radiation and with the safe disposal of nuclear wastes. 2. Under this law a moving body is at rest, as far as its own inertia is concerned, as long as its motion continues at the same speed and in the same direction. 3. Copying architectural and engineering drawings once required many hours of work. 4. Engineers measure waterpower in terms of horsepower. 5. Solar energy is the result of thermonuclear fusion reactions deep within the sun. 6. One way to overcome this problem is to house computers in a special casing that prevents radio waves from getting out. 7. Organic chemists are investigating semiconducting organic polymers in the hope of devising plastic transistors patterned after them. 8. Operators use their own biological control systems to regulate the movements of the machines. 9. Technology may be defined as the process by which human beings fashion tools and machines to change, manipulate, and control their environment. 10. These advances led to reduced dependence on agricultural and production labor, thus freeing people for other things such as the building of the great Gothic cathedrals. 11. Meteorological satellites aid in weather forecasting. 12. The crew of a manned spacecraft must have a gas for breathing, food, water, and some means of disposing of human waste. 13. Acceleration affects voluntary muscular activity, blood circulation, and visual acuity. Critical controls are therefore placed within easy reach of astronauts' couches. 14. The world's progress is due largely to inventions. 15. The principal funder of invention in the United States is the federal government. 16. Broadly defined, engineering is the science-based profession by which the physical forces of nature and the properties of matter are made useful to mankind in the form of structures, machines, and other products or processes at a reasonable expenditure of time and money.

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences determining where it is expedient to make additions:

1. New materials and methods of construction developed during the 20th century, however, have almost entirely limited building stone to its use as a finish material where its decorative qualities are of value. 2. Archaeoastronomical findings may also be of value to astronomers in documenting ancient celestial events. 3. A degree-day is a unit of measurement used in several fields of technology where temperature changes are of importance. 4. The ratio of these values is different for different gases and is of importance in describing the behavior of a gas undergoing a thermodynamic process. 5. Hooke's work in orbital dynamics is also of significance. 6. Included on the National Register are not only national historic landmarks but also districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, and culture. 7. Aerial photographs are photographs taken by cameras in aircraft or satellites. 8. An amplifier output is always limited by the power supply. 9. There are generally two categories of orbital maneuvers of interest during spaceflights. The more common one is raising the altitude of a circular orbit. 10. Instead of focusing on modest academic investigations of interest chiefly to the specialist, child developmentalists are now focusing efforts on solving real problems of children in society. 11. Descriptive decision theory describes and explains how people choose among actual options; as such, it is an empirical subject that uses experimental and survey methods and is of interest to psychologists, economists, political scientists, and business people. 12. Howard Hathaway Aiken, born in 1900, was an American engineer who invented the first large-scale automatic computer and who trained many persons who became outstanding in the field.

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences determining the terms during the translation of which it is indispensable to make additions:

1. A citizens' council now provides independent oversight of marine terminal operations and tanker-spill prevention plans. 2. Houses can be centrally air-conditioned if they have forced-air heating systems, which use a blower fan and ducts to distribute heated air throughout the house in winter. In the summer these ducts can be used to carry cooled air. 3. The major desalination techniques in use today can be broadly classified as either distillation or membrane processes, the choice of process being determined by the chemistry and physical condition of the untreated water supply, the production rate required, and the energy source available to power the desalination plant. 4. Industrial psychologists study worker motivation and morale, reward systems, communication processes, and working conditions as factors which may affect productivity and worker satisfaction. 5. The airbrush is a device for applying liquid as a fine spray. It is commonly used by commercial artists to facilitate drawing, shading, and retouching artwork. It can also be used to retouch photographs. 6. An amphibious assault, the primary form of a combined sea-and-land operation, is conducted to establish a force ashore, usually to capture a beachhead as a necessary preliminary to further assaults ashore. 7. A high-performance aircraft wing, made from a carbon-reinforced epoxy, is very lightweight, stiff, and strong, with an exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. 8. Metal fatigue failures are due to the repeated application of tensile stresses or shear stresses, which tend to pull the material apart. 9. In any case, research into achievement motivation now places great emphasis on people's cognitions about the very nature of achievement, and on the various ways in which different cultures assess the relative meanings of failure and success. 10. Sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and organization and communications theorists adopt the macro approach to conflict. 11. Adversary procedure, in law, is the form of trial procedure used in the United States, England, and other common law countries: the defense and prosecution both offer evidence, examine witnesses, and present their respective sides of the case as persuasively as possible and the judge or jury must then decide between the adversaries. 12. In political theory pluralism is a concept that describes the heterogeneity of groups that share power in public policymaking. 13. Radiometric age-dating, or radiometric dating, is the determination of the age of materials by means of their radioactive contents.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences determining the lexical elements, which could be omitted without altering the meaning of the original:

1. South Carolina declared the tariff laws null and void and President Jackson responded with the threat of force. 2. There is another point to make about this approach. 3. This is an interesting fact to observe. 4. Bureaucracy is a system for administering large organizations involving a specific structure of authority and a clearly defined set of rules and regulations. 5. A computer agent is a software program that can be given tasks to do, then carry out those tasks autonomously, without direct supervision or feedback from a human being. 6. We have at our disposal several procedures to apply

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