Automatic control

1. _________________________________

Any technical development that enables a machine or instrument to dispense with labour is a step toward automation. Wherever two or more automatic machines are tied together with overriding automatic control to create a self-feeding, a self-initiating and self-checking process, an automated system is created. The real distribution is between automation that displaces muscle and automation that displaces brain, and it is roughly the same distinction as that between automatic operation and automatic control.

2. _________________________________

The industrial development of the nineteenth century was a change towards automatic operation. But mechanisation was limited to individual processes, and only in a few trades it was possible to provide automatic links between processes and organised production as a continuous flow. In the twentieth century the idea was widely applied of producing goods in a continuous flow rather than in batches. The control was obtained by a human operator who noted faults and deviations and corrected them either directly or through instruments. Control may be simply mechanical, electrical, electronic or a combination.

3. _________________________________

The developments in automatic operation while extending their application, were not revolutionary but part of a well-established trend. Those in automatic control have been considerably more drastic, and arose largely from the recent and sudden application of electronic methods of control. Electro-mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic devices also contributed, but the introduction of electronic computers marked the new stage in the development of automatic control. The electronic devices rapidly gained in importance and industrial enterprises widely used them to plan and control the operations of machines. These devices can detect faults in a processed part, communicate the error to the machine and adjust its operation so as to correct the fault. They can integrate the work of industrial machines and the more complex devices can select alternative courses of action according to the instructions fed into them, considerably extending the possibilities of remote control. Now electronic devices greatly reduced the amount of routine brainwork performed at factories. A rapid technological advance reduced the part played by human labour to skilled supervision and maintenance. Electronic computers have shown that man can rely on them for the performance of operations based on formal logic.

4. _________________________________

Automatic systems take several forms and are based on several different techniques, but in each case the measurement and correction of errors are performed and co-ordinated by electronic devices and the human operator does not take an active part in it.

5. _________________________________

First of all automatic control was widely established in such industries as chemicals, petroleum, iron and steel, cement, paper, textile, printing, food and others. The overall trend now is toward a total automatic control in industry with the help of new generations of electronic devices with their rapidity, accurateness, reliability, flexibility, and compactness.

The present day stage of automation is based on the revolution in computer technology, in computerisation of the whole national economy.

Task 4.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

знання, технологічний прогрес, виконання, повністю механізоване підприємство, сільське господарство, технологічний ланцюг, всебічний розвиток, виробники та користувачі, незалежне живлення, несправності та відхилення, дистанційне управління, електронні прилади, харчова промисловість, швидкість, надійність, точність, національна економіка.

Task 5.

Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

principal direction, automatic control, independent branch of science and engineering, accomplishment of a job, to enable, automated enterprises and workshops, to link up, to call for, an important impact on, cultural flowering, overriding automatic control, a self-feeding, a self-initiating and self-checking process, well-established trend, routine brainwork, supervision and maintenance, to rely on, correction of errors, with the help of, computerisation.

Task 6.

Match the following English words in column A with their Ukrainian equivalents from column B:

A	B
1. reliability	a) відхилення
2. supervision	b) виконання
3. accomplishment	c) управління
4. flexibility	d) точність
5. control	e) надійність
6. rapidity	f) контроль
7. deviation	g) швидкість
8. accurateness	h) гнучкість

Task 7.	Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Автоматизація сприяє розвитку промисловості.
2. Автоматичні прилади контролюють процес виробництва.
3. Прилад з автоматичним управлінням працює швидше та надійніше.
4. Управління може бути різних видів – електронне, механічне або електричне.
5. Пристрій може самостійно перевіряти та виправляти помилки.
6. Слово “автоматизація” з’явилось лише в минулому столітті.
7. Автоматизація стала можливою з розвитком комп’ютерів.
8. Автоматизація промисловості впливає на економіку та політику країни.

Task 8.

Put the construction “to be going to” into correct tense form and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. They _______ visit a fully automated factory tomorrow.

2. He ________ improve this electronic device with the help of a circuit board.

3. She ________ become a good specialist in the field of engineering.

4. We ________ study technical engineering next month.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16