Science in Ukraine

The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which was founded in 1919 and up to 1956 was called the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, is the highest scientific institution of Ukraine. Its first president was Academician Vernadsky. He was a prominent naturalist, mineralogist, the founder of geochemistry and biochemistry, the creator of the biosphere theory. 1. ___D___. He was also the first to estimate the age of the most ancient elements of the Earth surface as being 4.5 billion years old.

A significant event in the cultural life of Ukraine was the establishment of the Kyiv-Mohila College in 1652, which was converted into an academy in 1701. In the 18^th century the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was the main scientific centre of Ukraine whose most famous representatives of that time were N. Maksymovich and O. Shumlyansky. 2. _______. He dreamed of a society based on the principles of social equality and democracy.

Ukraine has contributed many outstanding scientists to the world. The 19^th and 20^th centuries produced such outstanding scientists as the mathematicians M. Ostrogradsky and A. Pohorelov, the linguists O. Bodynsky, A. Potebnya, the historians V. Antonovich, M. Hrushevsky and D. Bahaliy, the orientalist A. Krumsky, the geologist P. Tutkovsky, the physicians V. Obraztsov, M. Strazhesko, V. Filatov, the lawyer M. Vasylenko and many others.

Ukrainians are also proud of the fact that only several months after the nucleus of the atom was split by the English physicists G. Cockroft and E. Walton in 1932, the same result was achieved in one of the laboratories of Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology headed by I. Kurchatov and A. Ioffe. Nobel Prize laureate Academician Lev Landau worked in Kharkiv for many years, heading the Institute of Physics and Technology. Another Nobel Prize laureate Ilya Mechnikov was born in Kharkiv region, studied in Kharkiv National University and worked there for a long time. 3. _______. The famous astronomer Academician M. Barabashov made significant discoveries concerning Mars, Moon and Venus. Ukrainian scientists made great contributions into the development of space explorations. They designed and launched hundreds of artificial Earth satellites including the famous “Zenith”.

The large body of scientists of Ukraine has contributed greatly to the development of world science. 4. _______. Among the results of such researches are: the development of the first computers in the former USSR, important advances in the field of electric welding, cybernetics, the technology and organisations of industrial production of artificial diamonds. Achievements in geological science and the application of new techniques in geological prospecting in Ukraine made it possible to discover oil and gas deposits that considerably increased its power resources.

Ukrainian scientists also made significant contributions to the development of aerodynamics, the theory of mechanisms and machines, automatic control, and mechanics. Research in special alloy and powder metallurgy was started in Ukraine in the mid 19^th century at Kharkiv and later at Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.

The world famous Ukrainian scientists are Volodymyr Vernadsky, Yevhen Paton and Boris Paton. Yevhen Paton was an outstanding Ukrainian constructor, famous for his contribution to bridge-building and welding. He designed over 35 bridges, including the famous bridge across the Dnipro River that was named after him. 5. _______. Systematic and fundamental work in the field of electric welding in Ukraine was started by this eminent scientist on whose initiative the Institute of Electric Welding was organized in 1954.

His son Boris succeeded him and became an outstanding scientist too. For many years he headed the institute founded by his father and was the President of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. 6. _______. The Ukrainian Institute of Electronic Welding and the American aviation and space firm “Pratt and Wiltny” established a joint research centre and a joint venture to develop the technologies of new materials (metal-non-metal, ceramic, etc.).

Ukrainian science develops through mutual enrichment with the experience of the scientific centres of different countries. Great achievements of the Ukrainian school of science are highly appreciated and recognized all over the world.

Task 5.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

наукові досягнення, біохімія, значна подія культурного життя, земна поверхня, головний науковий центр, видатні представники, пишатися, співвітчизник, штучний супутник, геологічна розвідка, зварювання, автоматичне управління, порошкова металургія, спільне підприємство, видатний науковець.

Task 6.

Translate the following English words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

the creator of the biosphere theory, the Earth surface, significant event, society based on the principles of social equality and democracy, to design and launch satellites, large body of scientists, the field of electric welding, cybernetics, industrial production of artificial diamonds, the father of electronic welding, to head, joint venture.

Task 7.

Find in the text antonyms to the following words:

the last, old, unknown, modern, slightly, many, non-systematic, to decrease, natural, small, similar.

Task 8.

Read and translate the following groups of words:

to create – creator, creation, creature, creative, creativity;

to weld – a weld, welder, welding, weldability;

to build – builder, building, rebuild.

Task 9.	Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
	1. alloy	a) представник
	2. knowledge	b) зварювання
	3. powder	c) сплав
	4. representative	d) внесок
	5. exploration	e) порошок
	6. satellite	f) дослідження
	7. contribution	g) знання
	8. welding	h) супутник

Task 10.

Form the nouns (doers) from the following words according to the model and translate them into Ukrainian:

Model: to listen – listener – слухач

music – musician – музикант

to develop	-
science	-
to found	-
to research	-
geology	-
to produce	-
mathematics	-
physics	-
to design	-
to conduct	-

Task 11.

Put the verbs into correct tense form:

1. Scientist ______ (to work) at the laboratory every day.

2. At present more and more forests _____ (to disappear) because of fires.

3. Many people _____ (to recycle) rubbish nowadays.

4. Water ___ (to boil) at 100°C and _____ (to freeze) when the temperature ____ (to drop) below 0°C.

Task 12.

Fill in the table with the names of the Ukrainian scientists and spheres of their research:

Name	Field of research
1. Yevhen Paton	bridge building, welding
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Task 13.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Поступове накопичення практичного досвіду – це основа людського розвитку.

2. В усьому світі використовують досягнення українських науковців у сфері електрозварювання.

3. Науковці проводять масштабні дослідження в таких галузях, як кібернетика, фізика, порошкова металургія та інші.

4. Києво-Могилянська Академія стала серцем української науки.

5. Євген Патон очолював лабораторію тестування мостів.

6. Науковці детально розробляють все нові і нові проекти.

Task 14.

Make up a plan to the text “Science in Ukraine” and get ready to retell it according to the plan.

Task 15.	You are going to take part in the students’ international conference “The Development of Science”. Write a short report on the topic “Science in Ukraine”. Make use of the plan in Task 14.
Words and word combinations to be memorized:
	to achieve	досягати, отримувати
	artificial diamonds	штучні діаманти
	to appreciate	високо цінувати, оцінювати
	bridge	міст
	contribution	внесок
	to convert	перетворювати, трансформувати
	deposit	поклад
	Earth surface	поверхня землі
	emergence	поява
	to estimate	оцінювати
	evaporation	випаровування
	gradual accumulation	поступове накопичення
	geological prospecting	геологічна розвідка
	to head	очолювати
	hidden welding technique	технологія прихованого зварювання
	joint venture	спільне підприємство
	large scale research	великомасштабне дослідження
	nucleus of the atom	ядро атома
	satellite	супутник
	significant discoveries	значні відкриття
	social equality and democracy	соціальна рівність та демократія
	space explorations	дослідження космосу
	to split	розщеплювати, роз’єднувати
	to supply	постачати

UNIT 3

COMPUTERS I

Task 1.	Write some facts about computer and its history. Combine yours with the others in your group and make a short informative report.
Task 2.	Imagine a supercomputer. What should it do? Present your thoughts in a few words.

Task 3.

Before reading the text pay attention to the pronunciation of the letter ‘s’ at the end of the plurals:

a) computers, years, numbers, thousands, needs, kinds, spheres, hundreds, schools, lessons, questions, rhymes, games;

b) notes, ropes, marks, scientists, achievements, components, digits, checks, subjects, experts;

c) diagnoses, messages, switches, sentences, properties, capabilities.

Task 4.

You are going to read about the history of computer. Seven sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from the sentences (A-H) the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. The first has been done for you.

A. But he never built it.

B. In their opinion, computers block the imagination and spontaneity of young people.

C. The educated man of 25 - 30 years ago did not need to know anything about computers.

D. You can use a computer to write a letter, design a house, draw a picture or exchange messages with someone around the world.

E. Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago there were no such things as computers.

F. Every day we hear about new uses of the computer.

G. There are three kinds of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid.

H. It used thousands of electrical switches that clicked on and off to compute data.

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