Adverbial clauses

PREDICATIVE CLAUSES

They perform the function of a predicative. Predicative clauses are connected with the principal clauses in the following way:

1. by means of conjunctions that, if, whether, as if

It was as if these men and women have matured.

2. by means of the conjunctive pronouns who, which, what and conjunctive adverbs where, when, how, why

The question was how the matter was to be kept quiet.

3. asyndetically

Another thing was they had a nurse staying on with them.

OBJECT CLAUSES

They perform the function of an object.

Object clauses are introduced

1. by means of the conjunctions that, if, whether

He said that it was too late.

2. by means of conjunctive pronouns who, which, what and conjunctive adverbs

I wonder why I should look back.

3. asyndetically

I am afraid I‘ve taken too much of your time.

ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES

They serve as an attribute. According to their meaning they are divided into relative and appositive.

Attributive relative clauses qualify the antecedent whereas attributive appositive clauses disclose its meaning.

Attributve relative clauses are joined to the principal clauses both syndetically and asyndetically. Attributive appositive clauses – only syndetically.

The girs I work with are having lunch. (relative)

The book which you ased for has been taken. (relative)

The thought that I might have never met her was dreadful. (appositive)

We haven‘t yet settled the question who will lead the delegation. (appositive)

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

They express a great variety of adverbial relations. Asyndetical subordination is not typical of adverbial clauses.

1. CLAUSES OF TIME

Introduced by the following conjunctions: when, while, whenever, as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now that, scaresly…when, hardly…when, no sooner…than…

„when“ and „then“ are conjunctions correlated with the advers „scaresly „hardly“, „no sooner“

Scaresly had his hands touched her head when she sighed deeply.

When we finally arived at the station, the train had already left.

2. CLAUSES OF PLACE

Introduced by the conjunctions where, wherever

Wherever he went, he saw nothing but ruins.

3. CLAUSES OF CAUSE (REASON)

Introduced by the conjunctions as, because, since, for fear (that)

He is suspicious and jealous for fear that someone else might want to share his power.

Since you won‘t take advice, there is no point in asking for it.

4. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

Introduced by the conjunctions that, lest, in order that, so that, in case

Ships carry lifeboats so that the crew can escape if the ship sinks.

5. CLAUSES OF CONDITION

Introduced by the conjunctions if, unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, provided, providing that

We shall do it provided you support us.

It‘s no fun, unless we take them by surprise.

6. CLAUSES OF CONCESSION

Introduced by the conjunctions though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter how (what, where, etc.); in official style – in spite of the fact that

A kind of an obstacle is mentioned which nevertheless didn‘t prevent the action of the principal clause.

I enjoyed that day though it rained.

Troubled as he was he never exposed his difficulties to her.

However carefully you drive, you will probably have an accident eventually.

7. CLAUSES OF RESULT

Introduced by the conjunctions so…that, such…that

Adverbial clauses of result are introduced by the conjunction that. In this case we find the adverb so or the demonstrative pronoun such in the principal clause.

He is so weak that he can hardly move.

They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their hous e.

8. CLAUSES OF MANNER

Introduced by the conjunction as

She did exactly as I told her.

He left the house as he had entered it.

9. CLAUSES OF COMPARISON

Introduced by the conjunctions as…as, not so…as, than, as if, as though

This is not so easy as it looks.

My wife worked as hard as I did.

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