Higher Education in the USA

America has had a great respect for education from its earliest times. Education is now the most important factor in determining a person's social role and economic prospects. Universities were founded in the earliest days of the settlers who had come across from England. Harvard College was founded by religious refugees form Cambridge, England in 1636, only fifteen years after the Pilgrim Fathers had landed, and there were eight other colleges before 1776, though for a long time they had few students.

Under the United States Constitution, the Federal government has no power to make laws in the field of education; each state is fully responsible within its own territory. The Federal government can give financial help.

For a very long time America has led the world in higher education, quantitatively at least. In 1825 England still had only two universities, Oxford and Cambridge. The United States already had over fifty colleges for a smaller population. By now, in addition to hundreds of junior colleges (with two-year courses), teachers' colleges and special schools, there are over 2000 universities, colleges or other institutions with four-year courses leading to bachelors' degrees, though only some of these provide postgraduate work as well, for masters' degrees and doctorates.

Nearly half of the people aged nineteen are in full-time education, but only half of these successfully complete full four-year courses for bachelors' degrees. Some attend junior colleges with two-year courses (from which they may transfer); most start full four-year degree courses. Most students receive federal loans to cover part of the cost of their studies; much smaller numbers receive federal grants, or scholarships or bursaries from other sources. Virtually all pay part of their costs themselves, from family contributions or from part-time work or both.

Most students aiming at bachelors' degrees take the four years (freshman, sophomore, junior and senior) consecutively at the same institution, but some interrupt their courses. Some start late in life and may spread their courses over several years. For each stage of the course it is necessary to gain adequate average grades over a number of courses, and credits gained at one stage can be accepted for a later stage after an interval, if necessary with change from one institution to another. For the freshman year, courses usually cover a wide range, and with each year later there is scope for more specialization. Essentially, the system by which a person becomes a college graduate is a progression from that which makes him or her a high school graduate.

About one-fifth of college graduates continue with studies for masters' or doctors' degrees, in their own major subjects or for professional qualifications in law, medicine, business, etc., which involve two to four postgraduate years. Postgraduate schools admit students on the basis of their grades in bachelors' degree studies, and require minimum-level passes in appropriate preparatory subjects.

Most college students are in 'public' institutions, a minority in 'private' ones. Every state has its full university system, and in a big state there are many separate state campuses, general and special, at different levels. In terms of research output, and of Nobel prizes won by academic staff, the most prestigious is the University of California at Berkeley (across the bay from San Francisco). It and the University's campus at Los Angeles are the two major institutions in the California state system, but there are many dozens of other campuses in that system. Other states have parallel systems, often with one principal campus, with up to 50000 students, in a small town in which the university is the main focus of activity. Most big cities have their own city-funded universities – in some cases with several campuses – often separate from the state system. In general state and city colleges now charge tuition fees which cover a minor part of their costs, at least for state or local residents – though students from other states pay several times as much.

The oldest, and in some ways the most prestigious, colleges are private, funded partly from their endowments, partly by contributions from business and, above all, former students. A few receive some state or city grants as well. But in general they need to charge high fees for tuition, averaging about five times the rates charged by equivalent state colleges for local residents.

Some of the best-known universities are the oldest ones in the Northeast, known informally as the Ivy League. These include Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. The research carried on at Harvard and its newer neighbour in Cambridge, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has contributed to prosperity of the Boston area, though other private and public universities nearby also have some share in this development. These colleges are quite small, but there also the yet smaller institutions of the Little Ivy League, as well as many hundreds of other private colleges all over the United States. Their variety is extreme. Some students prefer a smaller college for the sake of the closer contact with the professors than in the state colleges, some for religious or other reasons. But some of their graduates go on to state university postgraduate courses.

The individual young person knows that his or her prospects of success in life depend on education more than on any other single factor. So there is an ever-increasing demand for educational opportunities. At the same time, it is generally recognized that even from the material point of view, economic development up till now has owed much to the skills and abilities which grow through education, and for the traditional Americans, respect for learning is reinforced by a doctrine that it is an investment that brings the community an economic return as well as social and cultural improvement.

Exercise 10. Say: true, false or no information.

1) Religious refugees from Oxford founded Harvard College.

2) The Federal government makes laws in the field of education.

3) In 1825 the United States already had over 50 colleges for a smaller population.

4) Nearly half of all people in the US aged 19 take a 'gap year'.

5) It takes students 5 years to get bachelor's degrees.

6) Postgraduate schools admit students on the basis of their school grades.

7) Most big cities have their own city-funded universities.

8) Some of the oldest colleges receive support from the banking system.

9) The Ivy League includes Harvard, Berkeley and Princeton.

10) Learning brings the community in the US an economic return as well as social and cultural improvement.

MATCHING

Exercise 11. Match the following words with their definitions

loan grant scholarship bursary contribution credits endowments fee

- a monetary grant to a needy student - a completed unit of a student's work that forms part of a course - a sum of money paid for professional services to a private school - something which is lent, esp. money - the money that an organization receives when it has been provided - money given esp. by the state for a particular purpose such as to a university or a student during a period of study - an amount of money given to a cause, charity - a sum of money or other prize given to a student by an official body

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