The absence of necessity is expressed by “needn’t”. There is sometimes a difference between ”must” and “have to”. With “must” the speaker is giving his own feelings, saying “he” thinks it necessary. We can use “must” to talk about the present and future, ”have to” can be used in three tense forms. In its second meaning “must” denotes probability. In this meaning it is used in affirmative sentences only.
Modal verbs: should and ought. There is hardly any difference between these verbs, very often they are interchangeable. There is a difference in construction: ought is always followed by to- infinitive. Moral obligation or duty is more often expressed by ought to. It is a little stronger than should.
Ex.5.Translate the sentences, explain the use of “must” or “have to” in them.
1. I must go and lay the table myself. 2. We had to walk all the way to the station. 3. She had to change her shoes after walking in the garden. 4. She pretended she didn’t understand anything. Mother had to tell her plainly what she thought of it. 5. We’ll have to run.6. The shoes are a size too small. I’ll have to go to the shop and have them changed. 7. She was running high temperature. I had to put her to bed at once.
Ex.6.Replace the infinitives in brackets by “must”, “have + infinitive” if the action is only necessary; by “be + infinitive” – if it’s expected.
1. This is Dora. She (share) your room. 2. I must leave you now. I (do) the cooking. 3. Who (meet) you there? 4. My feet are wet. I (change) my stockings. 5. I’m afraid you (go) there alone, darling. I’ve such a headache. 6. When the lecture (begin)? 7. Two more apartment houses (be built) here. 8. Well, children, who (do) the dishes to-night! 9. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I (meet) mother at the metro station at 6 sharp.
Ex.7.Complete the sentences using the modal verbs "can", "may", "must".
1. The performance... (be over) as there are many people leaving the theatre.2. I don't believe that he said it. He... (say) such a thing. 3. I am sure they knew everything about it. Mary... (tell) them. She can't keep her word. 4. I am sure that she did not do anything of the kind. They... (take) her sister for her. 5. It is impossible that they should have refused to help you. They.... (break) their promise.6.Perhaps it was true, I am not sure. She... (be ashamed) to tell you the truth. 7.....you really mean it? 8. There is no doubt that it was all prepared beforehand. He.... (watch) you. 9. It is impossible. They.... (leave) already. I was watching the door of the house.
10. I don't believe that they didn't recognize you. They....(fail to recognize) you. 11. His teacher.... (help) him; his English is quite decent now.12. I'm quite sure, my students.... (be) at a lecture now. They never miss classes.13. I don't believe it. He.... (write) the letter but the signature is certainly not his.14.....this old man (be) your brother? 15. The message....(be delivered) in time as we received an immediate answer.
Ex. 8. Put "can”, ”may", "must", "should", "ought to", "have to", "be to", "be
able to” (or the negative forms) and "needn't" in the spaces.
1."Oh, Nurse,...I stay here?" "Stay here? Of course, you...".2. A man...help his parents when they become old. 3. There are no buses or taxis, so we...walk. 4. No, Moira you...have another potato. You've had two already. 5. We... live without food and water. We... eat and drink. 6. I... get too early tomorrow, so I.... go to bed late tonight. 7. You...not walk all the way to the station. You take a bus round the corner. 8. Tom's father told him that he.... ask silly questions. 9. You switch off the light if you are afraid of the dark. 10. The matter...be discussed in tomorrow's debate. 11. You ... sit there in your wet clothes; you will catch cold if you do. 12. They... do all the exercises; it will be sufficient if they do four of them, 13. You... do whatever you like. 14. Sooner or later one... choose. 15. I... read to the end of the story, because I want to see who gets the treasure. 16. Go right in. You... report at once. 17. She... sing quite well. 18. You... say anything. Just nod your head and he will understand.
Ex. 9. Put "should" or "shouldn't" inthe spaces. Translate the sentences into
Russian. Watch the meaning of "should"/"shouldn't".
1. You... work more; you... miss the lessons. 2. Mother... look after their children. 3. What are you doing here? You be in bed. It is very late. 4. That hat doesn’t suit you; you... buy another. 5. There are too many accidents. Everyone... be much more careful, 6. You... have followed the instructions of your coach. Then you would have won the game. 7. Tom was often late and his father told him that he... wake up earlier. 8. She told her children that they... always say "Please" and "Thank you". 9. It is dark in the room,... switch on the light.
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