3. Are you aroused from sleep in the middle of the night?
4. Do you spend the rest of the night tossing and turning?
5. Insomnia is one of the most common problems.
6. Insomnia is one of the most misunderstood problems.
7. Healthy and normal people seek professional help for it.
8. Conventional medicine is of limited help.
9. The typical sufferer will be prescribed some form of medication.
10. The medication is effective in the short term.
11. The medication invariably w'ears off
12. The insomniac is left back where he or she started.
13. The insomniac is desperate for a good night's sleep.
15.In recent years, researches have invited insomniacs to volunteer in treatment programmes.
16. Their sleep-pattems and behaviour can be studied.
D): Overpopulation in China
1. Tough family policy has been adopted in China
2. A population explosion of such gargantuan proportions would bring famine in the country.
3. The Chinese number over a billion.
4. The Chinese have overcrowded cities, an acute housing shortage, inadequate medical, social and educational services.
5. The Chinese are periodically deprived of electricity.
6. The supply cannot keep up with the demand.
7. The government’s measures for dealing with the situation are in breach of civil rights.
8. Abortions and sterilizations are being carried out under duress.
9. The main tool is economic coercion.
10. The subsidy that a one-child family receives is withdrawn
11. They have another one.
12. Their wages are cut.
13. Their monthly bonuses stopped.
14. Their housing allocation reduced.
15. They have more children.
16. They have less space.
F: Speech and Writing
1. Speech uses the air
2. Writing is a series of marks on a piece of paper
3. The differences between speech and writing are more than that.
2. Speech is essentially an interactive, face-to-face process
3. Participants can rely on ‘non-linguistic cues’
4. You are talking to a person
5. A person is frowning with incomprehension
6. You rephrase what you’re saying in some way
7. A person is nodding furiously
8. You assume a person understands and agrees
9. Speech is fast and spontaneous
10.It's quite difficult to plan in advance what you are going to say
11.Speakers have said something
12.Speakers often have to go back and rephrase it
13.Speakers repeat things
14.The constructions of the sentences are much looser.
15.Speakers use long sentences
16.The long sentences are simply joined up with AND
17.It is very common
18.You can add meaning to what you say by means of stress and intonation
19.Your voice goes up at the end of a phrase
20.You indicate you want to carry on talking
21.speech and writing display a number of important differences
22.speech and writing are to be seen as essentially separate mediums.
E: NEWS OF SCIENCE. Life after Death
1. Once transplant surgery was only a futuristic notion.
2. It is becoming a daily event.
3. For many, the bitter reality is a long waiting list.
4. Most heart-lung candidates die before a donor appears.
5. In some countries, the donor shortage problem may be alleviated now.
6. People can pledge their organs after death.
7. They just sign their consent on their driver's license.
8. The signed consent gives legal permission for the use of organs.
9. The transplant team speak to relatives before going ahead.
10.The relatives themselves need to understand the situation.
11.Sometimes relatives cannot be found or do not exist.
12.The pledge means that a person wishing to donate organs can do so legally without depending on others' permission.
13.A possible donor is found.
14.Blood samples are sent to the blood bank to be tissue-typed.
15.The recipient with the closest tissue match is chosen.
16.Preparations for the operation are begun.
G: Litigation Lunacy
Litigation - taking someone to court to sue for damage or compensation. Ludicrous - ridiculous
1. People suffer misfortunes.
2. They want compensation for their misfortunes.
3. People turn to the courts to sue for money.
4. The US is experiencing a rash of law suits.
5. It’s possible that this trend has started out quite legitimately.
6. It has blown up into ludicrous proportions.
7. An example is how a boy recently has sued his parents for 350,000$.
8. They brought him up. He didn’t like it
9. A prisoner attempted escape.
10. | He had five years added to his prison term. |
11. | He sued a warden for $4,5 m. |
12. | The warden was on duty on the day of an attempted escape. |
13. | A ladder manufacturer manufactured a ladder. |
14. | It was placed on some wet dog manure. |
15. | It slipped. |
16. | The ladder manufacturer was sued for $300,000. |
17. | The ladder manufacturer lost the case. |
18. | The owner of a poodle sued his vet for 45, 000$. |
19. | The dog followed the medical treatment |
20. | The dog suffered psychological damage. |
21. | A man is suing the department of Transport. |
22. | He has lost his driving license. |
23. | He wants millions of dollars. |
24. | Some individuals and a lot of lawyers are making a pretty penny out of a |
legal system. | |
25. | There’s no doubt about that |
26. | The legal system takes little notice of justice. |
The legal system takes even less notice of common sense. |
REVISION!
Task I: Fill each of the numbered spaces in the text with one suitable word.
(Cataracts are cloudy areas that form on somebody’s eyes, seriously affecting their sight)
In addition to cataracts, Tommy Sopwith was suffering from (1) eye complications, and he went into hospital full of hope
(2)........................ „„.following an operation his sight would
at(3)......................... be partially restored. But, (4).............................., the operation
was unsuccessful, and (5)........................... was probably
the greatest regret of his life. According to his son: The only time I ever
(6).......................... saw him knocked sideways was in hospital
(7).......................... At the age of 96, Sir Thomas's sight was confined
to shapes and devoid of all detail, then in the following year,
(8)........................., got steadily worse, until he was unable even to tell
(9)....................... a photographer had used his flashgun. Sir Thomas never
(10).......................... came to terms with his blindness. Even in his late nineties,
people still wanted to interview Sir Thomas. By (11)................................... his sight
had gone and he was rather deaf, (12).............................. that was less of a problem thanks to some particularly good hearing aids. To those
(13)............................ did not know him, (14)............................. interviews could be
a little disconcerting, (15)................................ a question could be followed by a
long silence, (16)................................................ the interviewer wondered
(17)............................ Sir Thomas had heard (18).................................... was being
asked. In (19)............................he usually had heard, but was determined to be
factual and a suitable answer was being prepared in his mind. It was all part of the Sopwith character to think (20) he spoke.
Task II: The paragraphs of the news item have been put in the wrong order. Make the use of various linking clues to put them back in the order in which they originally appeared. The paragraphs have been numbered. To help you, the last paragraph has been left in its correct position.
WAR CRIMES NOVELIST HAS FANTASY LIFE
1 The novel provoked public vilification and death threats because it was suspected of following the extremist line of the far right.
2 What is embarrassing to the Miles Franklin Award judges is that her book was hailed for its interpretation of "oral history".
3 Jill Kitson, one of the judges, said: "The author's background is not what the ju, of a literary prize is all about."
4 She claimed that the book was a fictional account of her father's experiences in the camp. In interviews she has said most of his family was killed by Communist Party officials.
5 The writer won this year's prestigious Miles Franklin Award for her first novel "The Hand that Signed the Paper", which tells of a Ukrainian's role in war crimes at Treblinka concentration camp.
6 But Thomas Keneally, author of "Schindler's Ark", said the hoax left her open to charges of making fascist propaganda.
7 But Miss Darville's reason for the hoax is a mystery.
8 Australia's literary world is in turmoil over disclosures that Helen Demidenko, a 24-year-old novelist, is herself a work of fiction.
9 But she is in fact the daughter of Harry and Grace Darville, who migrated from the north of England to Brisbane before she was born.
10 Her mother said: "It's fiction, for heaven’s sake. She wrote under a pseudonym. Lots of authors do that".
3.2 REPORTING WHAT PEOPLE SAY, THINK OR FEEL
We can report people’s words by using direct speech or reported speech. Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words.
There is “one-step-back” shift in verb tenses (present simple - past simple, etc.) except when we talk about true fact (The sun rises in the East, etc.).
Time expressions change in reported speech as follows:
Now — then, at that time, immediately Today, tonight - that day/ night This week — that week
Yesterday - the day before, the previous day Tomorrow - the next day, the following day Last week - the week before, the previous week Two days ago - two days before Here — there Come - go
Certain modal verbs change as follows:
Will - would; can - could; can - could/ would be able to; may - might; shall - should/ offer; must — must/ had to; needn *t — didn 7 need to/ didn't have to.
! Would, could, might, should, ought to, had better, used to, must, mustn *t do not change.
‘OK, I’ll do it’, he said. He agreed to do it.
‘I’ve bought a new dress’, she said.
She said that she had bought a new dress.
But: She said that Kangaroos live in Australia.
‘Go there now!’ he said.
He ordered to go there immediately.
He said: She can type fast He said that she could type fast.
I'd better go
In Type 2 and 3 conditionals tenses do not change.
Say and Tell are the most typical verbs that we can use in both direct and indirect speech, though with some difference in the structures following them.
They are also used in the following expressions:
Say. good morning/ afternoon etc, something/ nothing etc, a prayer, so, a few words, etc.
Tell: the truth, a lie/ lies, a secret, a story, a joke, the time, the difference, sb one’s name, one from another, one’s fortune, sb so, etc.
She said that she’d better go home.
She said: If I were you, I wouldn't do that'.
She said that if she were me, she wouldn't do that.
INDIRECT REPORT STRUCTURES WITH REPORTING VERBS
Exercise 1, Fill in the gaps with say or tell in the correct tense.
A. This sugar-free chocolate is delicious”,_________ Sandra. “I can’t________
the difference between this chocolate and the one containing sugar”. “I like it,
too”,______ Mark. “I wish somebody had_______ me about it sooner. I could
have lost so much weight!” ”To______ you the truth, I don’t think you should
lose weight”,________ Sandra. ”1 like you just the way you’re”, she__________
him.
“I saw Paul in town today”, Steve____________ Louise. “I_________ good afternoon to him and noticed that he had had his hair cut. I should have______________________
something about it, but it looked awful, so I didn’t mention it”. “You did the
right thing”, Louise_____ him. “It’s better to_______ nothing than to_______ a
lies”
С At Alison’s wedding reception her father stood up and___________ the guests
that he would like to_______ a few words. He started to________ a story about
whien Alison was young. Alison felt embarrassed, but she didn’t__________ so.
Then her father_________ the guests some jokes, which everyone found very
fuhny. Finally, he______ a prayer for the happy couple.
Exercise 2. To make your reported speech more exact and sophisticated you should use various reporting, or introductory, verbs. Study the follow-
ing introductory verbs, structures following them and the examples of direct speech. Complete the sentences with reported speech.
Introductory verb | Direct speech | Reported speech |
+ to-inf |
|
|
agree | ‘Yes, I’ll lend you the money’ | He agreed... |
*claim | ‘I saw the robbers’. | He claimed... |
demand | ‘Give me the money’. | He demanded... |
offer | ‘Would you like me to help you?’ | He offered... |
* promise | ‘I’ll return the book to you soon’. | He promised... |
refuse | ‘No, I won’t call her’. | He refused... |
* threaten | ‘Stop shouting or I’ll punish you’. | He threatened... |
+ smb +to- inf |
|
|
advise | ‘You should eat more fruit’. | He advised... |
allow | ‘You can go to the party’. | He allowed... |
ask | “Could you do me a favour?’ | He asked... |
beg | ‘Please, please don’t hurt me’. | He begged |
command | ‘Put your hands up’. | He commanded... |
forbid | ‘You mustn’t stay out late’. | He forbade... |
invite | ‘Will you come to my wedding?’ | He invited... |
order | ‘Go to your room’. | He ordered... |
* remind | ‘Don’t forget to buy some milk’. | He reminded... |
warn | ‘Don’t touch the iron’. | He warned... |
+ -ing form |
|
|
accuse sb of | ‘You committed the crime’. | He accused... |
*admit (to) | ‘Yes, I gave away your secret’. | He admitted... |
apologise for | ‘I’m sorry I’m late’. | He apologized... |
*boast about | ‘I’m the best student in my class’. | He boasted... |
*complain to | ‘I have noisy neighbours’. | He complained... |
sb of |
|
|
*deny | ‘No, I didn’t use your car’. | He denied... |
*insist on | ‘You must finish by Friday’. | He insisted... |
*suggest | ‘Let’s go out for dinner’. | He suggested... |
explain to sb + how | ‘That’s how it works’. | He explained... |
+ that- clause |
|
|
explain | ‘I don’t like him because he’s rude | He explained... |
inform sb | ‘The results will come out tomorrow’. | He informed... |
exclaim/ re mark (give an exclamation of delight/ surprise/ relief/ disgust, etc. | ‘What a glorious day!’ | He exclaimed/ remarked... |
|
|
|
|
|
|
*Note: The verbs marked with an asterisk can also be followed by a that-clause in reported speech.
Exercise 3. Complete each sentence with one suitable reporting verb without using say.
I thought Jim would say something about his new job, but he didn't it.
Sony, I wasn't being insulting. I simply____________ that you seem to have
put on rather a lot of weight lately.
The police___________ that the crowd was under 50 000, although the or ganizers of the march put it at nearer 100 000.
The children_________ that their parents were always checking up on them.
It has been_______ that by the year 2050 some capital cities will be almost
uninhabitable because of the effects of air pollution.
Brown________ that the arresting officers had treated him roughly, and that
one of them had punched him in the eye.
An Army spokesman stressed that all troops patrolling the streets had been
________ to issue clear warnings before firing any shots.
Although he didn't say so directly, the Prime Minister____________ that an
agreement between the two sides was within reach.
The witness_________ her name and address to the court before the cross-
examination begun.
It's__________ that the Prince is going to marry a dancer. Stark nonsense!
Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with one of the reporting verbs from the list be low. Use past simple form.
Deny suggest boast agree
Insist accuse promise complain
Advise threaten warn remind
1. ‘I’m the fastest runner on the team’, he said.
2. T didn’t take your jacket’, he said to her.
3. ‘You should go to the doctor’s’, Mum said to me.
4. ‘I’ll call you next week’, she said to him.
5. ‘Yes, I’ll set the table for dinner’, he said to her.
6. ‘He always forgets my birthday’, she said.
7. ‘Let’s go for a walk’, she said.
8. ‘Leave, or I’ll shoot’, the man said to them.
9. ‘Don’t forget to feed the cat’, she said to him.
10. ‘You broke my CD player’, she said to him.
11. Don’t go near the edge of the cliff, Dad said to them.
12. "’You must do your homework before you go out’, she said to us.
Exercise 5. Turn the sentences into reported speech using the appropriate introductory verb.
1. ‘No, I won’t do your homework for you’, she said to me.
2. ‘You lied to me’, Dennis told Ann,
3. ‘I promise I won’t tell anyone your secret’, Tara said to Diana.
4. ‘Don’t forget to post the letters’, Mum said to me.
5. ‘I’m sorry, I ruined your shirt’, Sarah told Jack.
6. ‘No, I didn’t use Tim’s computer’, George said.
7. How about throwing a party?’, Simon said.
8. ‘I’ll punish if you behave badly’, Mum told the twins.
9. ‘It was me who broke the vase’, she said.
10. ‘Could I use your phone, please?’ Dave asked me.
11. ’I’ll help you with the washing-up’, Sandra told me.
12. ‘Please, please don’t tell anyone about this’, he said to us.
13. ‘No, you may not stay out late tonight', Dad said to Sue.
14. ‘That’s the most beautiful necklace I’ve ever seen!’ Amanda said.
15. ‘Do you have any idea if Ruth will come to the party?’ he said.
Exercise 6. Try to report most precisely what was intended to say. Make sure you are using correct report structures and not confusing verbs.
A. It's Time to Take a Holiday!
1. Would you like to come on holiday with me?
2. Don’t worry. Of course you can take a holiday.
3. Don't forget to take a holiday, will you?
4. You should take a holiday.
5. Are you going to take a holiday?
6. It's all right by me if you take a holiday.
7. Actually, I’d rather you took a holiday.
8. I thought you were going to take a holiday.
9. Taking a holiday would be a good idea.
10. You really must take a holiday.
B. At Work.
1. I'll certainly give you this report tomorrow morning.
2. If you type this letter out for me, I'll buy you a drink, OK?
3. Actually, you can't enter this room. It's for personnel only.
4. I'm most awfully sorry, but it seems I've broken your fountain pen.
5. There's no sense in writing it all ~ it would be just a waste of time.
6. Make sure that you won’t start giggling during the interview.
7. All right, if you want me to, I don't mind going with you there.
8. Why don’t you phone him and make an appointment for tomorrow?
REPORTING A CONVERSATION
Exercise 7. When reporting a dialogue we use a variety of linking devices to make a smooth text. Study the following examples.
A ‘I’m exhausted’, she said to him. “Can you make me a cup of tea?’
She claimed that she was exhausted and asked him to make her a cup of tea.
В ‘I’ll take a taxi home. It’s getting late’, he said.
He said that he would take a taxi home because/ as/since it was getting late.
С Mr Adams: Can I talk to Mr Stephens?
Secretary: I'm sorry, but he is not here. Would you like to take a message?
Mr Adams: No, thank you. I need to see him in person.
Mr Adams asked to talk to Mr Stephens. His secretary said that he was not there and offered to take a message. But Mr Adams declined, explaining that he needed to see him in person.
Exercise 8. Compare the conversation below with the reported one. What
would you have done differently?
DOING UP THE SITTING-ROOM
Anne We ought to have the sitting room done up, George. The wallpaper’s beginning to peel and paint’s scratched in some places where the children have been playing.
George yes, it looks a bit of a mess, darling, doesn’t it? I’ll do it up as soon as I have a weekend free.
Anne I didn’t think you would have time to do it yourself, George. And you always lose your temper if things go wrong. Wouldn’t it be better to leave the job to somebody else?
George Do you mean that I’m not capable of decorating the room myself?
Anne Of course not, darling, but I hate to see you working at the weekend when you are tired.
George To tell the truth, I’ve had rather a lot to do lately.
Anne I’m glad you agree. I’ve enquired at a shop in Market Street and they’ve quoted a very reasonable price. So I’ll tell them to come round next week.
Anne told her husband, George, that they ought to have the sitting-room done up. The wallpaper was beginning to peel and paint was scratched in some places where the children had been playing. George agreed that it looked a bit of a mess and said he would do the room up as soon as he had a weekend free. Anne said that she had not thought he would have time to do it himself. She added that he always lost his temper if things went wrong. Perhaps it would be better to leave the job to someone else. George thought she meant that he was not able of decorating the room himself but she said that was not true. Her reason for saying it was that she hated to see him working at the weekend when he
was tired. Then George admitted that he had been feeling rather tired. Anne took advantage of this to say she was glad he agreed with her. She had already enquired at a shop in Market Street and they had quoted a very reasonable price. She would tell them to come round the following week to do the job.
Exercise 9. A conversation below is written in reported speech. Write what you think the speaker actually said. You should use the account in reported speech as a guide but take the opportunity to make the conversation as realistic as possible.
Clive Wells, a television interviewer, welcomed viewers to his programme and then introduced his guest, James Stanford. Stanford had been one of the country’s leading Shakespearean actors for many years. However, it appeared that he had never made a film. Stanford corrected this impression. In fact, he had just finished making his first film, a spy picture. Wells asked him if he had found it difficult to get used to the new medium and Stanford replied that at first he had, because it is hard to act for a camera and technicians when one is used to a live audience. He compared it to being on television. Wells asked what the film was about. Was it a historical spy picture? Stanford said that for once he was playing a modern part, that of a counter-espionage agent. In conclusion, Wells asked him why he had made the extraordinary change from theatre to films and from Shakespeare to a modem spy drama. Stanford said he had done it for money, the same reason why he was appearing on Wells’s programme.
B. Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
The Interview
Clive Wells I’m happy to welcome viewers to my programme. My quest tonight is James Stanford, who has been one of the country’s leading Shakespearean actors for many years. But I believe you've never made a film, James.
In fact, I have just finished my first, a spy picture.
Did you find it difficult to get used to the new medium?
At first, yes. It’s hard to act for a camera and a lot of technicians when one is used to a live audience. Rather like being on television, actually.
What’s the film about? Is it a historical spy picture?
No, for once I’m playing a modem part. I’m supposed to be a counter espionage agent.
Wells Did you have to disguise yourself for the part? You must be used to wearing a false beard and so on in your Shakespearean roles.
Stanford_ Only the usual make-up. For once the audience will be able to see my real face when the film comes out.
Well_ One last questions, James. Why have you made this extraordinary change from the stage to the screen and from Shakespeare to a modem spy drama?
Stanford For money, of course. Why do you think I’m here tonight.
Exercise 10. Turn the scenes into stories, revealing the manner of speaking and feelings of the people involved. Make sure you do not miss any detail.
OFFERS TO HELP
Man: Don’t worry, dear. I’ll help you.
Lady: Pardon?
Man: It’s a busy road, isn’t it? Come on, I’ll take you across. Lady: That’s very kind of you, but...
Man: Ah! Here’s space in the traffic. Let’s go.
Lady: thank you, but...
Man: Shall I carry your shopping bag? It’s heavy, isn’t it? Lady: Well, yes, but...
Man: There you are!
Lady: But I didn’t want to cross the road!
Man: What? Why didn’t you tell me?
Lady: You didn’t listen!
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