45. I. Alexander and A. Adierstein, "Affective Responses to the Concept of Death in a Population of Children and Early Adolescents", Journal of Genetic Psychology (1958) 93:167—77.
46. Nagy, "Child's View of Death".
47. S. Hostler, "The Development of the Child's Concept of Death," in The Child and Death, ed. O. J. Sahler (St. Louis, Mo.: C. V. Mosby, 1978), p. 9.
48. E. Jaques, "Death and the Mid-Life Crisis", International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1968) 46:502—13.
49. J. Masserman, The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders, 1955), p. 467.
50. V. Frankl, oral communication, 1974.
51. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 154.
52. Ibid., p. 155.
53. Schilder and Wechsler, "Attitudes of Children".
54. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 155.
55. Ibid., p. 257.
56. Schilder and Wechsler, "Attitudes of Children".
57. Nagy, "Child's View of Death".
58. Koocher, "Talking with Children".
59. I. Opie, The Love and Language of School Children (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959).
60. Maurer, "Maturation".
61. J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, vol. II: Separation (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
62. A. Jersild and F. Holmes, Children's Fears (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1935); and A. Jersild, "Studies of Children's Fears," in Child Behavior and Development, eds., R. Barker, J. Kounin, and H, Wright (New York, London: McGraw-Hill, 1943).
63. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, pp. 105—18.
64. R. May, The Meaning of Anxiety (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977) pp. 105—9.
65. Ibid., pp. 107—8
66. Klein, "A Contribution"; and D. Winnicott, The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment (New Yolk: International Universities Press, 1965), p. 41.
67. A. Freud, "Discussion".
68. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 161.
69. C. Wahl, "The Fear of Death", in The Meaning of Death, ed. H. Feifel (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), pp. 214—23.
70. S. Freud, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, vol. XXIII, in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published 1940), p. 185.
71. S. Rosenzweig, and D. Bray, "Sibling Death in Anamneses of Schizophrenic Patients," Psychoanalytic Review (1942) 49:71—92; and S. Rosenzweig, "Sibling Death as a Psychological Experience with Special Reference to Schizophrenia," Psychoanalytic Review (1943) 30:177—86.
72. Rosensweig, "Sibling Death".
73. Ibid.
74. H. Searles, "Schizophrenia and the Inevitability of Death", Psychiatric Quarterly (1961) 35:631—55.
75. J. Hilgard, M. Newman, and F. Fisk, "Strength of Adult Ego Following Childhood Bereavement", American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (1960) 30:788—98.
76. Furman, A Child's Parent Dies; Bowlby, Attachment and Loss; R. Furman, "Death and the Young Child", Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (1964) 29:321—33; and R. Zeligs, Children's Experience with Death (Springfield, III.: C. C. Thomas, 1974), pp. 1—49.
77. Maurer, "Maturation".
78. Macintire, Angle, and Struempler, "The Concept of Death"; F. Brown, "Depression and Childhood Bereavement", Journal of Mental Science (1961) 107:754—77; 1. Gregory, "Studies in Parental Deprivation in Psychiatric Patients", American Journal of Psychiatry (1958) 115:432—42; G. Pollack, "Childhood Parent and Sibling Loss in Adult Patients", Archives of General Psychiatry (October 1962) 7:295—305; and H. Barry
and E. Lindeman, "Critical Ages for Maternal Bereavement in Psychoneuroses", Psychosomatic Medicine (1960) 22:166—81.
79. J. Hilgard and M. Newman, "Evidence for Functional Genesis in Mental Illness: Schizophrenia, Depressive Psychoses and Psychoneurosis", Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1961) 132:3—6.
80. M. Breckenridge and E. Vincent, Child Development, ed. W. B. Saunders, 4th ed. (Philadelphia, Pa.: W. B. Saunders 1960), p. 138.
81. E. Kubler-Ross, address at Stanford Medical School, May 1978.
82. S. Ferenezi, cited in Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 157.
83. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 159.
84. J. Bruner, cited in H. Galen, "A Matter of Life and Death", Young Children (August 1972) 27:351—56.
85. Galen, "A Matter of Life".
86. Rochlin, "How Younger Children", p. 63.
К главе 4
1. S. Kierkegaard, cited in E. Becker, The Denial of Death (New York: Free Press, 1973), p. 70.
2. O. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945), p. 126.
3. P. Tillich, The Courage to Be (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1952), p. 66.
4. Becker, Denial of Death, p. 66.
5. R. Lifton, "The Sense of Immortality: On Death and the Continuity of Life," in Explorations of Psychohistory, eds. R. Lifton and E. Olson (New York: Simon & Schuet- er, 1974), p. 282
6. L. Loesser and T. Bry, "The Role of Death Fears in the Etiology of Phobic Anxiety", International Journal of Group Psychotherapy (1960) 10:287—97.
7. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 124.
8. E. Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941), p. 6.
9. L. Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych and Other Stories (New York: Signet Classics 1960) pp. 131—32.
10. R. Frost, In the Clearing (New York; Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1962), p. 39.
11. N. Kazantzakis, Report to Greco, trans. P. A. Bien (New York: Simon & Schuster 1965), p. 457.
12. N. Kazantzakis, The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, trans. Kimon Friar (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1958).
13. С. Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (New York: Charles Scribner, 1969), p. 5.
14. E. Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea (New York: Charles Scribner, 1961).
15. С. Wahl, "Suicide as a Magical Act", Bulletin of Menninger Clinic, (May 1957) 21:91—98.
16. F. Kluckholm and F. Stroedbeck, Variations in Value Orientations (New York: Harper & Row, 1961), p. 15.
17. J. M. Keynes, cited in Norman Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), p. 107.
18. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina (New York: Modern Library, 1950), p. 168.
19. H. Feifel, Taboo Topics, ed. Norman Forberow (New York: Atherton Press, 1963), p. 15.
20. Rank, Wilt Therapy, p. 130.
21. H. Ibsen, cited in Rank, Will Therapy, p. 131.
22. S. Freud, Some Character Types Met with in Psychoanalytic Work, vol. XIV in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1957; originally published in 1916), pp. 316—31.
23. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 119.
24. A. Maslow, The Further Reaches of Human Nature (New York: Viking, 1971), p. 35.
25. Becker, Denial of Death, pp. 35—39.
26. Fromm, Escape from Freedom. (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941), pp. 174—79.
27. J. Masserman, The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry (London: W. B. Saunders, 1955), pp. 476—81.
28. L. Tolstoy, War and Peace (New York: Modern Library, 1931), p. 231.
29. S. Kierkegaard, cited in Rollo May, The Meaning of Anxiety, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 38.
30. M. Heidegger, Being and Time (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 105.
31. S. Arieti, "Psychotherapy of Severe Depression", American Journal of Psychiatry (1977), 134(8):864—68.
32. Ibid.
33. I. Yalom and G. Elkins, Everyday Gets a Little Closer (New York: Basic Books, 1974).
34. O. Rank, Will Therapy, pp. 119—34.
35. W. Tietz, "School Phobia and the Fear of Death", Mental Hygiene (1970) 54:565—
68.
36. Oral communication. May 1979.
37. E. Greenberger, "Fantasies of Women Confronting Death", Journal of Consulting Psychology (1965) 29:252—60.
38. M. Mahler, F. Pine, and A. Bergman, The Psychological Birth of the Infant (New York: Basic Books, 1975).
39. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 126.
40. S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling and the Sickness unto Death (New York: Dou- bleday Anchor Books, 1953), pp. 182—200.
41. Tillich, The Courage to Be, p. 52.
42. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 149.
43. H. Searles, "Schizophrenia and the Inevitability of Death", Psychiatric Quarterly (1961) 35:631—55.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. N. Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), p. 107.
49. H. Within, Psychological Differentiation (New York: John Wiley, 1962).
50. H. Witkin, "Psychological Differentiation and Forms of Pathology", Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965) 70(5):317—36.
51. J. Rotter, "Generalized Expectancies for Internal vs. External Control of Reinforcement", Psychological Monographs (1966) 80 (1, whole #609).
52. E. Phares, Locus of Control in Personality (Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press, 1976).
53. J. Rotter, "Some Implications of Social Learning Theory for the Prediction of Goal Directed Behavior from Testing Procedures", Psychology Review (1960) 67:301—16.
54. W. Mischel, R. Zeiss, and A. Zeiss, "Internal-External Control and Persistence", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1974) 29:265—78.
55. Phares, Locus of Control, p. 7.
56. Ibid., pp. 144—56.
57. Ibid., p. 149.
58. P. Duz, "Comparison of the Effects of Behaviorally Oriented Action and Psychotherapy Reeducation of Intraversion-Extraversion, Emotionality, and Internal-External Control", Journal of Counseling Psychology (1970) 17:567—72.
59. Witkin, "Psychological Differentiation", Rotter, "Some Implications", and Phares, Locus of Control.
60. R. Ryckman and M. Sherman, "Relationship between Self Esteem and Internal- External Locus of Control", Psychological Reports (1973) 32:1106; and B. Fish and S. Karabenick, "Relationship between Self Esteem and Locus of Control", Psychological Reports (1971) 29:784.
61. D. Kilpatrick, W. Dubin, and D. Marcotte, "Personality, Stress of the Medical Education Process and Changes in Affective Mood State", Psychology Reports (1974) 3:1215—23.
62. F. Melges and A. Weisz, "The Personal Future and Suicidal Ideation", Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1971) 153:244—50; and H. Lefcourt, Locus of Control (Hilis- dale, N.J.: Lawrence Eribaum, 1976), p. 148.
63. J. Shybutt, "Time Perspective, Internal vs. External Control and Severity of Psychological Disturbance", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1968) 24:312—15; and С. Smith, M. Peyer, and M. Distefano, "Internal-External Control and Severity Emotional Impairment," Journal of Clinical Psychology (1971) 27:449—50.
64. M. Harrow and A. Ferrante, "Locus of Control in Psychiatric Patients," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1969) 33:582—89; and R. Cromwell, "Description of Parental Behavior in Schizophrenic and Normal Subjects", Journal of Personality (1961) 29:363—79.
65. С. Fersten, "A Functional Analysis of Depression", American Psychologist (1973) 28:857—70; P. Lewinsohn, cited in Lefcourt, Aspects of Depression; W. Miller and M. Seligman, "Depression and the Perception of Reinforcement", Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1973) 82:62—73; and L. Abramson and H. Sackeim, "A Paradox in Depression: Uncontrollability and Self-Blame", Psychology Bulletin (1977) 84:838—52.
66. A. Tolor and M. Reznikoff, "Relation between Insight, Repression-Sensitization, Internal-External Control and Death Anxiety", Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1967) 72:426—31.
67. A. Berman and J. Hays, "Relation between Death Anxiety, Belief in Afterlife, and Locus of Control", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1973) 41:318.
К главе 5
1. N. Kazantzakis, The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, trans. Kimon Friar (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1958).
2. S. Kierkegaard, cited in R. May, The Meaning of Anxiety, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 37.
3. M. Heidegger, Being and Time (New York: Harper &: Row, 1962), p. 294.
4. F. Nietzsche, The Gay Science, trans. W. Kaufman (New York: Random House, Vintage, 1974), p. 37.
5. M. Montaigne, The Complete Essays of Montaigne, trans. D. Frame (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1945), p. 65.
6. G. Santayana, cited in K. Fisher, "Ultimate Goals in Psychotherapy", Journal of Existentialism (Winter 1966—67) 7:215—32.
7. R. Assagioli, Psychosynthesis (New York: Viking Press, 1971), p. 116.
8. P. Landsburg, cited in J. Choron, Death and Western Thought (New York: Collier Books, 1963), p. 16.
9. J. Donne, Complete Poetry and Selected Prose (New York: Modern Library, 1952) p 332.
10. R. Gardner, "The Guilt Reaction of Parents of Children with Severe Physical Disease", jAmerican Journal of Psychiatry (1969), 126:82—90.
11. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 105.
12. S. Golburgh and C. Rotman, "The Terror of Life: A Latent Adolescent Nightmare", Adolescence (1973), 8:569—74.
13. E. Jaques, "Death and the Mid-Life Crisis", International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1965), 46:502—513.
14. C. Jung, cited in D. Levinson, The Seasons of a Man's Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), p. 4.
15. D. Krantz, Radical Career Change: Life Beyond Work (New York: Free Press, 1978).
16. R. Noyes, "Attitude Changes Following Near-Death Experiences," Psychiatry, in press.
17. Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 62.
18. A. Kurland, et al. "Psychedelic Therapy Utilizing LSD in the Treatment of the Alcoholic Patient", American Journal of Psychiatry (1967) 123(10):1202—9.
19. I. Silbermann, The Psychical Experience during the Shocks in Shock-Therapy", International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1940) 21:179—200.
20. P. Koestenbaum, Is There an Answer to Death? (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice- Hall, 1976), pp. 31—41,65—74.
21. E. Aronson, oral communication, 1977.
22. J. Laube, "Death and Dying Workshop for Nurses: Its Effects on Their Death Anxiety Level", International Journal of Nursing Students (1977) 14:111—120; P. Murray, "Death Education and Its Effects on the Death Anxiety Level of Nurses", Psychological Reports (1974) 35:1250; J. Bugental, "Confronting the Existential Meaning of My Death Through Group Exercises", Interpersonal Development (1973) 4:1948—63; and W. Whelan and W. Warren, "A Death Awareness Workshop: Theory Application and Results", unpublished manuscript, 1977.
23. Whelan and Warren, "Death Awareness Workshop".
24. J. Fowles, Daniel Martin (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), p. 177.
25. I. Yalom, et al. "The Written Summary as a Group Psychotherapy Technique", Archives of General Psychiatry (1975) 32:605—13.
26. G. Zilboorg, "Fear of Death", Psychoanalytic Quarterly (1943) 12:465—75.
27. S. Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, vol. VII in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1957; originally published, 1905), pp. 125—231.
28. M. Stern, "Fear of Death and Neurosis", Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association (May 1966), pp. 3—31.
29. Dante Alighieri, La Divina Commedia (Florence, Italy: Casa Editrice Nerbini, n. d.); translation by John Freccero, 1980.
30. Jaques, "Death and the Mid-Life Crisis".
31. H. Rosenberg, "The Fear of Death as an Indispensable Factor in Psychotherapy", American Journal of Psychotherapy (1963) 17:619—30.
32. J. Breuer and S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published, 1895), p. 268.
33. M. Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964), p. 43.
34. Ibid., p. 45.
35. Stern, "Fear of Death".
36. J. Bugental, The Search for Authenticity (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965), p. 167.
37. J. Hinton, "The Influence of Previous Personality on Reactions to Having Terminal Cancer", Omega (1975) 6:95—111.
38. F. Nietzsche, cited in N. Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), p. 107.
39. H. Searles, "Schizophrenia and the Inevitability of Death", Psychiatric Quarterly (1961) 35:631—55.
40. Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 268.
41. Whelan and Warren, "Death Awareness Workshop".
42. D. Kaller, "An Evaluation of a Self-Instructional Program Designed to Reduce Anxiety and Fear about Death and of the Relation of That Program to Sixteen Personal History Variables", Dissertation Abstracts (May 1975) 35(11):7125-A.
43. E. Pratt, "A Death Education Laboratory as a Medium for Influencing Feelings Toward Death", Dissertation Abstracts (1974) 4026(B).
44. Laube, "Death and Dying Workshop".
45. Murray, "Death Education".
К главе 6
1. J. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, trans. Hazel Barnes (New York: Philosophical Library, 1956), p. 633.
2. J. Sartre, Nausea, trans. Hazel Barnes (New York: New Directions, 1964), pp. 126—130.
3. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. P. Edwards, vol. IV (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1967), p. 308.
4. J. Russel, "Sartre, Therapy, and Expanding the Concept of Responsibility", American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1978) 38:259—69.
5. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, p. 566.
6. Sartre, cited in D. Follesdal, "Sartre on Freedom", in Library of Living Philosophers, ed. Paul Schilpp (Evanston: Northwestern University Press), forthcoming.
7. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. V, pp. 416—19.
8. E. Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941).
9. R. Kogod, oral communication, 1974.
10. V. M. Catch and M. Temerlin, "Belief in Psychic Determinism and the Behavior of the Psychotherapist", Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry (1965) 5:16— 35.
11. M. Mazer, "The Therapeutic Function of the Belief in Will", Psychiatry (1960) 23:45—52.
12. F. Perls, cited in J. Russel, "Sartre, Therapy".
13. F. Perls and P. Baumgardner, Legacy from Fritz (Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books, 1975), pp. 45—46.
14. A. Levitsky and F. Perls, "The Rules and Games of Gestalt Therapy", in Gestalt Therapy Now, ed. J. Fagan and Irma Lee Shepherd (Palo Alto: Science and Behavior Books, Inc., 1973), p. 143.
15. Ibid., p. 98.
16. F. Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim (New York: Bantam Books, 1969), p. 80.
17. V. Frankl, The Will to Meaning (Cleveland, O.: New American Library, 1969), pp. 101—7.
18. J. Haley, Uncommon Therapy: The Psychiatric Techniques of Milton Erickson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973); and P. Watzlawick, J. Beavin, and D. Jackson, Pragmatics of Human Communication (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967).
19. Perls and Baumgardner, Legacy from Fritz, p. 117.
20. F. Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim, p. 79.
21. Ibid., pp. 69—70.
22. Perls and Baumgardner, Legacy from Fritz, p. 44.
23. Ibid., p. 44—45.
24. Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim, p. 79.
25. R. Drye, R. Goulding, and M. Goulding, "No Suicide Decision: Patient Monitoring of Suicidal Risk", AAmerican Journal of Psychiatry (1973) 130:171—74.
26. H. Kaiser, Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Hellmuth Kaiser, ed. L. Fierman (New York: Free Press, 1965).
27. Ibid.. p. 135.
28. Ibid., p. 126.
29. Ibid., p. 129.
30. H. Kaiser, "The Problem of Responsibility in Psychotherapy", Psychiatry (1955) 18:205—11.
31. Kaiser, Effective Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Hellmuth Kaiser, pp. 159ff.
32. Ibid., pp. 172—202.
33. W. Dyer, Your Erroneous Zones (New York: Avon Books, 1977).
34. Ibid., p. 14.
35. W. Dyer, Pulling Your Own Strings (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1978).
36. G. Weinberg, Self-Creation (New York: Avon Books, 1978).
37. Dyer, Your Erroneous Zones, pp. 194—196.
38. Ibid,, pp. 214—215.
39. A. Lazarus and A. Fay, I Can If I Want To (New York: William Morrow, 1975).
40. N. Lande, Mindstyles Lifestyles (Los Angeles: Price, Stern, Sloan, 1976), pp. 135—46.
41. A. Bry, EST—60 Hours That Transform Your Life (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), pp. 49—50.
42. Ibid., p. 53.
43. L. Rhinehart, The Book of EST (New York: Holt, Rinehart &. Winston, 1976), pp. 142—44.
44. Bry, EST, p. 59.
45. Rhinehart, The Book of EST, pp. 144—45.
46. Bry, EST. p. 61.
47. Ibid., pp. 71.
48. Ibid., p. 72—73.
49. Ibid., p. 73.
50. Ibid., p. 72.
51. Ibid., p. 76.
52. Ibid., pp. 72—73.
53. Ibid., p. 128.
54. Ibid., p. 129.
55. S. Fenwick, Getting It: The Psychology of EST (New York: J. P. Lippincott., 1976), p. 181.
56. R. Ryckman and M. Sherman, "Relationship between Self-Esteem and Internal-External Locus of Control", Psychological Report (1973) 32:1106; and B. Fish and S. Karabenich, "Relationships between Self-Esteem and Locus of Control", Psychological Reports (1971) 29:784—87.
57. D. Kilpatrick, W. Dubin, and D. Marcotte, "Personality, Stress of the Medical Education Process and Changes in Affect Mood State", Psychological Reports (1974) 3:1215— 23.
58. F. Melgas and A. Weisz, "The Personal Future and Suicidal Ideation", Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1971) 153:244—50; and H. Lefcourt, Locus of Control (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum 1976), p. 148.
59. J. Rotter, "Generalized Expectancies for Internal vs. External Control of Reinforcement", Psychological Monographs (1966) 80(1, whole #609) 7, 61, 166.
60. J. Easterbrook, The Determinants of Free Will (New York; Academic Press, 1978), p. 26.
61. M. Harrow and A. Ferrante, "Locus of Control in Psychiatric Patients", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1969) 33:582—89; and R. Cromwell, "Description of Parental Behavior in Schizophrenic and Normal Subjects", Journal of Personality (1961) 29:363—79.
62. J. Shybutt, "Time Perspective, Internal vs. External Control and Severity of Psychological Disturbance", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1968) 24:312—15; and С. Smith, M. Pryor, and M. Distefano, "Internal-External Control and Severity Emotional Impairment", Journal of Clinical Psychology (1971) 27:449—50.
63. С. Fersten, "A Functional Analysis of Depression", American Psychologist (1973) 28:857—70; P. Lewinsohn, cited in Lefcourt, Locus of Control; W. Miller and M. Selig- man, "Depression and the Perception of Reinforcement", Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1973) 82:62—73; and L. Abramson and H. Sackeim, "A Paradox in Depression: Uncon- trollability and Self-Blame", Psychological Bulletin (1977) 84:838—52.
64. M. Seligman, Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1975).
65. M. Seligman and S. Maier, "Failure of Escape Traumatic Shock", Journal of Experimental Psychology (1967) 74:1—9; and J. Overmier and M. Seligman, "Effects of Inescapable Shock upon Subsequent Escape", Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology (1967) 63:23—33.
66. D. Hiroto, "Locus of Control and Learned Helplessness", Journal of Experimental Psychology (1974) 102:187—93.
67. D. Hiroto and M. Seligman, "Generality of Learned Helplessness in Man", Journal of Personality of Social Psychology (1975) 31:311—27.
68. D. Klein and M. Seligman, "Reversal of Performance Deficits and Perceptual Deficits in Learned Helplessness and Depression", Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1976) 85:11—26.
69. W. Miller and M. Seligman, "Depression and the Perception of Reinforcement", Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1973) 82:62—73.
70. Abramson and Sackeim, "A Paradox"
71. A. Beck, Depression: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects (New York: Harper & Row, 1967).
72. Abramson and Sackeim, "A Paradox".
73. Lefcourt, Locus of Control, pp. 96—109; and J. Phares, Locus of Control in Personality (Morristown, N.).: General Learning Press, 1976), pp. 144—56.
74. Phares, Locus of Control: and C. Crandall, W. Katkovsky, and V. Crandall, "Children's Beliefs in Their Own Control of Reinforcement in Intellectual-Academic Situations", Child Development (1965) 36:91 — 109.
75. J. Gillis and R. Jessor, "Effects of Brief Psychotherapy on Belief in Internal Control", Psychotherapy: Research and Practice (1970) 7:135—37.
76. P. Dua, "Comparison of the Effects of Behaviorally Oriented Action and Psychotherapy Reeducation on Intraversion-Extraversion, Emotionality, and Internal vs. External Control", Journal of Counseling Psychology (1970) 17:567—72.
77. S. Nowick and J. Bernes, "Effects of a Structured Camp Experience on Locus of Control", Journal of Genetic Psychology (1973) 122:247—52.
78. M. Foulds, "Change in Locus of Internal-External Control," Comparative Group Studies (1971) 2:293—300; M. Foulds, J. Guinan, and R. Warehine, "Marathon Group: Change in Perceived Locus of Control", Journal of College Student Personnel (1974) 15:8— 11; and M. Dianard and J. Shapiro, "Change in Locus of Control as a Function of Encounter Group Experiences", Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1973) 82:514—18.
79. I. Yalom, Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 77—98.
80. D. York and C. Eisman, unpublished study.
81. J. Dreyer, University of West Virginia, unpublished study.
82. M. Lieberman, N. Solow, G. Bond, and J. Reibstein, "The Psychotherapeutic Impact of Women's Consciousness-raising Groups", jirchives of General Psychology (1979) 36:161—68.
83. L. Horowitz, "On the Cognitive Structure of Interpersonal Problems Treated in Psychotherapy", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1979) 47:5—15.
84. G. Helweg, cited in J. Phares, Locus of Control, p. 169.
85. R. Jacobsen, cited in Phares, Locus of Control, p. 169.
86. K. Wilson, cited in Phares, Locus of Control, pp. 169—70.
87. M. Lieberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles, Encounter Groups: First Facts (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
88. B. Skinner, cited in A. Bandura, Social Learning Theory (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.; Prentice Hall, 1977), p. 203.
89. L. Binswanger, Sigmund Freud: Reminiscences of a Friendship, trans. N. Guter- man, (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1957) p. 90.
90. A. Bandura, "Presidential Address", delivered at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, August 1974.
91. Ibid.; and A. Bandura, "The Self System in Reciprocal Determinism", AAmerican Psychologist (1978) 33(4):344—58.
92. Bandura, "Presidential Address", p. 633.
93. Epictetus, cited in H. Arendt, Willing—The Life of the Mind, vol. II (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978) p. 29.
94. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, p. 629.
95. S. Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, vol. VI in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1960; originally published 1901), pp. 178—88.
96. O. Simonton, S. Matthews-Simonton, and J. Crieghton, Getting Well Again (Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, 1978).
97. I. Yalom and C. Greaves, "Group Therapy with the Terminally III", AAmerican Journal of Psychiatry, (1977) 134(4):396—400; and D. Spiegel and I. Yalom, "Cancer Group", International Journal of Group Psychotherapy (1978) 28(2):233—45.
98. I. Janis, Psychological Stress (New York: John Wiley, 1958).
99. V. Frankl, oral communication, 1972.
100. Yalom and Greaves, "Group Therapy"; and Spiegel and Yalom, "Cancer Group".
101. S. Freud, "New Introductory Lectures on. Psychoanalysis", vol. XXII in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published 1933), p. 66.
102. M. Buber, "Guilt and Guilt Feelings", Psychiatry (1957) 20:114—29.
103. M. Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York-Harper & Row, 1962), p. 327.
104. Ibid., p. 329.
105. Ibid., p. 330.
106. P. Tillich, The Courage to Be (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1952) p. 52.
107. S. Kierkegaard, The Sickness Unto Death (New York: Doubleday, 1941), pp. 186—87.
108. M. Friedman, introduction to M. Buber, Between Man and Man (New York: Macmillan, 1965), p. xix.
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