MSCs for treatment of stroke. MSC therapies include cell delivery via intravenous, intracerebral or intrathecal injection

MSC therapies include cell delivery via intravenous, intracerebral or intrathecal injection. MSCs transplanted into the brain have been demonstrated to promote functional recovery by producing trophic factors that induce survival and regeneration of host neurons, as well as alter the gap junction coupling between astrocytes, allowing them to respond more effectively damage. (Li and Chopp, 2009) The primary trophic property of MSCs is the secretion of growth factors and other chemokines to induce cell proliferation. MSCs express mitogenic proteins such as: transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α), TGF-β, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). (Murphy et al., 2013) (Figure 9)

	Figure 9 Activated MSCs secreting trophic, immunomodulatory or antimicrobial factors (Murphy et al., 2013)

Benefits of MSCs in the ischemic brain include: transdifferentiation, induction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis, neuroprotection, and activation of endogenous neurorestorative processes, as well as decrease apoptosis, reduce levels of free radicals, encourage synaptic connection from damaged neurons and regulate inflammation, primarily through paracrine actions. (Nanette Joyce et al, 2010) (Figure 10)

Parekkadan et al.,(2010) and Chen et al., (2001) Conclude that although the benefits of MSCs are undeniable, the homing of MSC to brain infarcted sites is far from ideal.

Figure 13 Potential neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of mesenchymal stem cells. (Castillo-Melendez et al., 2013)  

Discussion

Conclusion

References

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10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185169/

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