Comprehension

Ex. 13

Refer closely to Text A and answer the questions:

1. Why does the author consider oil industry to be a collection of industries?

2. Why does crude oil in its natural state have no value?

3. What does the upstream business include?

4. What does the downstream business include?

5. What are the characteristics of high-quality oil?

6. How does crude oil get its value?

7. How did the upstream industry function in pre-computer times?

8. What professions and businesses are involved in the downstream petroleum industry?

9. What does the type of company organization in the oil industry depend on?

10. What is the paradox of interests between producers and refiners?

Ex. 14

Refer to Text A again. Here are some answers. What are the questions?

1. There are two reasons. First, because in its natural state it is usually underground, and, second, because its underground location begins as unknown.

2. It is called processing.

3. It provides the oil industry's raw material.

4. The crucial field activity is drilling.

5. The drilling of more wells, installation of equipment to handle produced fluids, and perhaps a program of water injection or other method of enhancing production.

6. the mid -1980s

7. The effect has been a blending of once-distinct functions.

8. They think of ways to make consumers buy their products

9. It connects oil fields with refineries and refineries with service stations and home heating oil distributors.

10. They are called independent companies.

11. It finds and produces crude oil, refines it, and markets the products.

Ex. 15

Study the following list of useful words and word combinations.

rather than вместо того, чтобы; скорее…, чем; больше…, чем; а не…

Ex. Rather than go straight on to university why not get some work experience first?

Почему сначала не поработать, вместо того, чтобы сразу поступать в университет?

in fact на самом деле; даже; к тому же

Ex. The sales revenues were expected to rise but in fact, they fell.

Предполагалось, что доходы от продаж увеличатся, но, на самом, деле, они сократились.

in greater/more detail подробнее

Ex. This issue will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 5.

Эта проблема более подробна рассматривается в Главе 5.

at this point тут, здесь (о времени)

Ex. At this point he paused a few seconds.

Тут он остановился на несколько секунд.

Indeed на самом деле, фактически

Ex. I was indeed impressed by her story.

Ее рассказ, в самом деле, произвел на меня впечатление

the number количество, число

Ex. The number of independent companies in Russia is growing.

Число независимых компаний в России увеличивается.

a number ряд

Ex. There’s a number of reasons why these two companies merged.

Существует ряд причин, почему эти две компании объединились.

thus так, таким образом

Ex. We hope the new machine will work faster, thus reducing our costs. Надеемся, что новая машина будет работать быстрее, таким образом наши затраты уменьшаться.

while хотя; несмотря на то, что; в то время как.

Ex. While teaching standards could be raised, more funding would also help. Хотя требования к уровню преподавания можно было бы повысить, увеличение финансирования также не помешало бы.

Their country has plenty of oil while ours has none. В их стране много нефти, в то время как у нас ее совсем нет.

at least по меньшей мере, по крайней мере, хотя бы

Ex. He had at least £100,000 in savings.

Сумма его сбережений составляла, по меньшей мере, 100 000 фунтов стерлингов.

both … and и… и; как…, так и …

Ex. Downstream involves both processing and marketing.

Даунстрим включает как переработку, так и маркетинг.

Ex. 16

Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Before WW II foreign trade of crude oil was practically unknown, because of the relatively high cost of transporting crude rather than products.

2. Taiwan’s gas demand is growing as electric power generators turn away from nuclear sources in favor of LNG. In fact, in 2004 gas-fired power plants accounted for 10% of Taiwan’s electric generation.

3. I will speak about energy consumption in the developing countries in greater detail in the third part of my presentation.

4. Futures trading in crude oil and key products developed rapidly in the 1980s. Chapter 9 will discuss the subject in greater detail. At this point it is important to recognize the extent to which futures trading open a window on the oil market.

5. Oil industry is indeed a collection of industries.

6. The rate at which oil can be produced from a given field depends upon a number of factors.

7. A modern refinery involves a number of processes. The number of processes depends on the type of oil.

8. When the dollar is weak against, say, the Japanese yen, crude oil producers who spend a lot of money in Japan suffer. A weak dollar thus influences their trading behavior.

9. What is important to remember is that oil can rise without creating inflation. And inflation can occur while oil prices are falling.

10. Producers do not base their price decisions on refinery runs, at least not directly.

11. Supply, demand, and price constantly push and pull at one another as the result of millions of producers, processors, traders, and consumers making decisions to their best economic interests. Price is both a product of this process and a key factor in the outcome.

12. Just as there are different types of petroleum products, there are different types of crude and different categories of price for both crude and products.

13. Historically, empires have been exporters of capital, rather than importers like the US.

Ex. 17

Match the first part of the sentences in column A with the second part in column C using useful words in column B:

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