After text activity. Exercise 1.Read and memorize using a dictionary: anaerobic decomposition; volatile materials; nonvolatile materials; methane clathrates; Earth's crust;

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

anaerobic decomposition; volatile materials; nonvolatile materials; methane clathrates; Earth's crust; biogenic theory; the Energy Information Administration; environmental concerns; under way; gigatonnes; radiative forcing; adverse effects; whereby; excess carbon;sediments; ambient air; flue gas; particulate matter;

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1) What arefossil fuels?

2) What raises environmental concerns?

3) What will a typical flue gas from the combustion of fossil fuels also contain?

4) What does the burning of fossil fuels produce?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is	a) in hydrocarbon fields.
2. Methane can be found	b) additional man-made (anthropogenic) carbon dioxide to the cycle,
3. The burning of fossil fuels ads	c) to the combustion product gas resulting from the burning of fossil.
4. Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion refers	d) typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.

Exercise 4. Open brackets choosing the write words:

Fossil fuels are (non-renewable/ renewable) resources because they (take/accept) millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than (new / old) ones are being made. The production and use of fossil fuels (raise/descend) environmental concerns. A global movement toward the (generation /production) of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy (needs/ necessities).

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Learn the definitions: biosphere, ocean; atmosphere; sediment; Global warming.

Biosphere – an area or region where conditions are suitable for living things to survive, such as the thin layer that surrounds the earth.    

Ocean -the body of salt water covering approximately 70 per cent of the earth's surface.

Atmosphere-the gaseous mass or envelope surrounding a celestial body, especially the one surrounding the earth, and retained by the celestial body's gravitational field.  

Sediment-material that has been deposited from water, ice, or wind.

Global warming -an increase in the earth's atmospheric and oceanic temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting especially from pollution.

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1) Question: ______________________________________________?

Answer: The nitrogen oxides are derived from the nitrogen in the ambient air as well as from any nitrogen-containing compounds in the fossil fuel.

2) Question: ______________________________________________?

Answer: The sulfur dioxide is derived from any sulfur-containing compounds in the fuels. 3) Question: ______________________________________________?

Answer: The particulate matter is composed of very small particles of solid materials and very small liquid droplets which give flue gases their smoky appearance.

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words: large, furnaces, chemical, fuels, gas.

The steam generators in 1 power plants and the process 2 in large refineries, petrochemical and 3 plants, and incinerators burn very considerable amounts of fossil 4 and therefore emit large amounts of flue 5 to the ambient atmosphere.

Exercise 2. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“Fossil fuels”

“The carbon cycle is a natural process”

“Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion”

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