VIII. Say what the italicized words mean.

1). It's a rich country with an ancient history and kind people.

2). Nowadays Ukraine is a sovereign, independent, democratic, social and legal state.

3) Deputies are elected at a general elections every four years in the last week of March.

4) The president is a commander in chief of the military forces.

5) Victor Yushchenko is called the popular president.

6) The judicial power is led by the Supreme Court.

7) The Constitution is the main law of the country.

8) There are a lot of political organizations in Ukraine.

IX. Translate into English:

1. Україна – молода незалежна держава, проте має давню історію та виборювала свою незалежність протягом багатьох віків. 2. Ця найбільша держава Європи з'явилась на карті світу після прийняття „Акту про незалежність". 3. Україна має власний уряд, національний герб, державний прапор та. гімн. 4. Урядова влада поділена на три гілки: виконавчу, законодавчу та судову. 5. Кабінет Міністрів є компетентним в галузі іноземних справ та економіки. 6. Президент є головою держави, наділений такими повноваженнями як приймання законів, призначення Прем'єр Міністра та є Головнокомандуючим Збройними силами України. 7. Конституція є основним законом в країні. 8. В Україні є велика кількість політичних партій, кожна з яких має свою політичну програму і готується приймати участь у Парламентських виборах.

Read and translate the passages about the history of Ukraine and make up ten questions to the text:

During the 16^th century Ukraine found itself constantly invaded by the Tatars who had by now established their state in Crimea. Every year they would make raids on Ukraine, destroying everything in their path, murdering men and taking women and children in captivity. Some adventures men joined together into bands and moved to the steppes beyond the Dnipro River. Here they lived hunting and fishing. To defend their outposts these freedom loving men built fortresses, the most famous being the Zaporizha, which was located on the island in the vicinity of the Dnipro Rapids. These freedom-loving adventures eventually developed a military system, with their own customs and traditions. Later they were called "Cossacks". The Cossacks had their own government in which all the matters were resolved by the Cossack Rada (Concil). This council also elected a Hetman of the Cossacks. The Hetman's symbol was '"the bulava" (mace). The person who organized the Cossacks into a real military organization was Dmytro Vyshnesky.

The land – the Zaporozhian Sich - the Cossacks settled they considered, a self-ruled (autonomous) Ukrainian territory since the Polish King ignored their – activity. The Sich was a forbidding fortress, with the muzzles of cannon and muskets bristling from the embrasures in its walls. In the center of the fortress was a parade ground, which played an important role in the life of the the Zaporozhian Sich. Cossack councils gathered there to make decisions on major organizational and military matters.

The Sich was the center of the Zaporozhian Cossack brotherhood. The highest authority in Zaporozhya was vested in the military council, which was convened to make major decisions: promulgation of war, reception the foreign ambassadors and election of senior officers. Every Cossack had the right to participate in the council.

Spartan life and daily danger instilled in Cossacks a love of freedom, courage, readiness for self-sacrifice, endurance and stamina. According one French research deBeauplan, all Cossacks were "tall of statue and distinguished for their-strength and health", they seldom "die old illness unless they have reached a ripe old age – most of them find their death on the battlefield".

The Cossacks' fearless courage evoke surprise and respect even in their enemies. "It could be said with certainty" wrote Naima, a Turkish chronicler of the 17^th century, "that it is impossible to find a more audacious people on the whole earth, who would care so little for their lives and have so little, fear of death". The Cossacks gained in strength and military experience in their many wars with Turks and Tatars. During this time there were uprisings against the Poles.

Christopher Kosynsky, Fedir Loboda and Severyn Nalyvayko led these uprisings. However, they couldn't withstand the Polish advances. Nalyvayko was captured by the Poles, tortured and finally put to death.

But the vast combat experience of the Zaporozhian Cossacks was a source of military craft at its best for many generations of Ukrainians in later times. The Cossacks also made a significant contribution to other fields of Ukrainian culture. Some gems of Ukrainian folklore were born in the Cossack air. Zaporozhian ballads and songs are filled with love for the singer's native iand, sympathy for the common people and hate of their oppressors, foreign and local.

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