The vast majority of the eggs within the ovaries steadily die, until they are depleted at menopause. At birth, there are approximately 1 million eggs; and by the time of puberty, only about 300,000 remain. Of these, 300 to 400 will be ovulated during a woman's reproductive lifetime. The eggs continue to degenerate during pregnancy, with the use of birth control pills, and in the presence or absence of regular menstrual cycles.
3.3. Рекомендована література:
Основна: Козырева Л. Г. «Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и училищ: учебное пособие / Л. Г Козырева, Т. В. Шадская. — Изд. 7-е. — Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2007.
3.4. Орієтновна карта для самостійної роботи з літературою з даної теми:
3.5. Матеріали для самоконтролю: Питання:
| 1.
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| The human reproductive system:
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| ensures the continued existence of the human species.
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| remains functional throughout the life of an individual.
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| stores but does not produce gametes.
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| is as essential to the survival of an individual as all other body systems.
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| none of the above
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| 2.
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| Which of the following are not components of the reproductive system?
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| the ureters
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| the gonads
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| accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids into the ducts of the reproductive system
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| ducts that receive and transport the gametes
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| the external genitalia
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| 4.
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| Accessory organs of the male reproductive system include all of the following except:
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| the scrotum.
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| seminal vesicles.
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| bulbourethral glands.
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| prostate gland.
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| None of the above is an exception; all of the above are accessory reproductive organs.
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| 6.
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| The main function of the uterus is to provide a site for fertilization of the ova, store mature eggs until the time of fertilization, nourish and protect the growing fetus, and provide a pathway to the exterior for the female gametes. True False
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| 7.
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| Components of the female reproductive system include all of the following except:
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| the uterine tubes.
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| the uterus.
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| the vagina.
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| the ovaries.
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| the bulbourethral glands.
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| 11.
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| The rete testis:
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| form the septa of the testis.
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| is contained in the seminiferous tubules.
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| contains interstitial cells.
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| is connected to the epididymus by fifteen to twenty efferent ducts.
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| none of the above
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| 12.
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| The seminiferous tubules:
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| are where mature sperm are stored.
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| are where androgens are produced for the testis.
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| are the site of the production of sperm.
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| average 200 inches in length.
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| none of the above
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| 13.
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| The _______________ is/are isolated from general circulation by the blood-testis barrier.
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| mediastinum
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| straight tubules
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| rete testis
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| epididymus
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| seminiferous tubules
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| 14.
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| The mediastinum of the testis:
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| separates the left from the right testis.
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| is ventrally located.
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| protrudes into the scrotal cavity.
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| supports the blood vessels and lymphatics supplying the testis.
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| forms part of the external testicular capsule.
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| 15.
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| In correct order from external to internal, the layers of the testis include:
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| septa, tunica albigunia, scrotal cavity, tunica vaginalis, cremaster muscle, and dartos muscle.
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| tunica albigunia, tunica vaginalis, scrotal cavity, and cremaster muscle.
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| cremaster muscle, scrotal cavity, septa, dartos muscle, tunica vaginalis, and tunica albigunia.
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| dartos muscle, cremaster muscle, tunica vaginalis, scrotal cavity, tunica albigunia, and septa.
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| none of the above
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| 16.
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| Which of the following is not a function of testosterone?
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| promotion of physical and functional maturation of spermatozoa
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| maintaining the accessory organs of the male reproductive tract
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| stimulation of spermatogenesis
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| determination of the secondary sexual characteristics
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| None of the above is an exception; all of the above are functions of testosterone.
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| 17.
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| The process whereby sperm cells are produced is ….
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| 18.
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| The most important difference between meiosis and mitosis concerns the:
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| size of the cells undergoing division.
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| rate of completion.
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| the length of time between the divisions of the different cells.
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| chromosomal events that occur during cell division.
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| sex of the individual in which the process occurs.
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| 19.
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| Gametes are called haploid because there are half as many of them produced at each division in comparison to the division of diploid cells. True False
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| 20.
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| In the testis, the first step in the process of meiosis is:
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| production of four primary spermatocytes.
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| production of interstitial cells in response to a surge in the production of LH.
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| spermiogenesis.
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| division of a primary spermatocyte to produce a pair of secondary spermatocytes.
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| none of the above
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| 21.
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| What additional function(s), beyond those that occur in the male reproductive system, occur in the female reproductive system?
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| storage of gametes
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| None; they both perform similar functions.
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| nourishment and maturation of gametes.
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| production of gametes
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| protection, support, and nourishment of a developing offspring
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| 22.
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| The ovaries:
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| have a tunica vaginalis covering them as do the testes.
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| are responsible for the production of ova and secretion of hormones.
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| are analogous to the scrotum of the male.
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| are retroperitoneal.
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| all of the above
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| 23.
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| The process whereby ovum production occurs is …..
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| 24.
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| The visceral peritoneum covering the surface of each ovary directly overlies a layer of dense connective tissue called the mesosalpinx. True False
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| 25.
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| The ovaries are supported by the _______________.
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| uterus.
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| ovarian blood vessels and the ovarian hilum.
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| roof of the pelvic cavity.
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| mesovarium.
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| none of the above
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| 26.
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| Which of the following is not a supporting ligament of the uterus?
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| cardinal
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| broad
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| suspensory
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| round
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| All of the above are ligaments that support the uterus.
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| 27.
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| Ovum transport through the uterine tube occurs by which mechanism(s)?
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| ameboid movement
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| gravity
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| peristalsis and the beating of cilia
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| segmentation movements
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| pendular movements
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| 28.
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| The lining of the uterus is called the.
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| 29.
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| Which of the following is not a uterine function?
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| waste removal for the developing embryo
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| mechanical protection of the developing embryo
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| site of fertilization
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| nutritional support of the growing embryo
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| None of the above is an exception; all of the above are functions of the uterus.
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| 30.
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| The vagina is lined by a:
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| simple cuboidal epithelium.
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| simple ciliated columnar epithelium.
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| stratified squamous epithelium.
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| transitional epithelium.
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| none of the above
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| 31.
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| In the correct order, the steps involved in oogenesis are the formation of primary follicles, formation of secondary follicles, formation of tertiary follicles, ovulation and formation, and degeneration of the corpus luteum. True False
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| 32.
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| During the ovarian cycle,:
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| all secondary follicles form tertiary follicles.
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| each of the primary oocytes develops into two secondary oocytes.
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| primary oocytes are suspended in the prophase state until maturation occurs.
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| usually only one mature Graffian follicle forms.
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| none of the above
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| 33.
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| Fertilization normally occurs in the _______________.
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| uterus
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| vagina
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| ovary
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| uterine tube
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| none of the above
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| 34.
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| The ovarian cycle is initiated by which of the following hormones?
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| estrogens
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| progestins
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| LH
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| FSH
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| androgens
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| 35.
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| The phases of the menstrual cycle, in correct order, are listed in which of the following choices?
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| menses, proliferative phase, and secretory phase
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| proliferative phase, atresia, oogenesis, secretory phase, and menses
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| menses, oogenesis, and proliferative phase
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| menses, secretory phase, oogenesis, atresia, and proliferative phase
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| none of the above
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| 36.
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| Milk production in the mammary glands:
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| only occurs if the birth takes place after a full term pregnancy.
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| is initiated during the birth process.
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| is stimulated by a combination of hormones including prolactin, growth hormone, and human placental lactogen.
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| occurs by the process of meiosis.
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| begins at the start of each monthly cycle but only continues if pregnancy occurs.
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| 37.
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| Which of the following is the first change that occurs to the zygote after fertilization?
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| It begins to migrate toward the uterine lumen.
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| It divides to form a hollow ball of cells, called the blastocyst.
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| It initiates the formation of a placenta.
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| It begins to secrete hormones.
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| It contacts the endometrial wall of the uterus and becomes buried inside it.
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|
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| 38.
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| The average length of the menstrual cycle is ….. days.
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| 39.
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| The function of the placenta is to:
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| support the weight of the developing fetus in the uterus.
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| produce hormones and facilitate gas and nutrient exchange between the fetus and mother.
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| store gases and nutrients for later delivery to the fetus.
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| allow direct exchange of blood between the mother and fetus for nutrition.
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| none of the above
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| 40.
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| The hormone that appears in the human bloodstream soon after implantation occurs and is indicative of pregnancy is …..
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|
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| 41.
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| Menopause:
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| does not always occur in females.
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| occurs monthly as a normal part of a woman's cycle.
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| is a time of peak fertility for a woman.
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| occurs because of a shortage of primordial follicles and causes menstruation and ovulation to cease.
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| none of the above
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| 42.
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| The change in function of the male reproductive tract that is comparable to menopause in women is called..
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|
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| 43.
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| Descent of the testes:
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| occurs during the fourth prenatal month.
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| is effected by changes in the relative growth rates of the intra-abdominal structures.
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| is controlled by the hormones FSH and LH.
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| occurs after birth.
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| none of the above
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|
|
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| 44.
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| The main function of the pampiniform plexus in the scrotum is to assist in cooling the blood to permit spermatogenesis to occur at a cooler temperature than in the abdominal cavity. True False
|
|
|
| 45.
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| How would a pregnancy be affected if the placenta failed to begin function during the third month of gestation?
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| The fetus would be born prematurely.
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| There would be no effect on the pregnancy.
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| The pregnancy could not continue.
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| The corpus luteum would continue hormone production as an alternative source until birth.
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| none of the above
|
|
|
|
| 46.
|
| In some cases, a breast tumor can be detected by observing the dimple in the skin over the area. Which breast structures are responsible for this phenomenon?
|
| The tumor is responsible; it stimulates contraction of smooth muscle fibers in the skin of this area.
| |
| No breast structures are involved; the contraction is caused by the pectoralis major and minor muscles.
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| The tightening of the suspensory ligaments of the breast, which are connected to the tumor cause the dimple.
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| The breast lymph nodes contract because of the tumor and therefore form the dimple.
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| none of the above
|
|
|
|
| 47.
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| How will penile function be altered if the blood supply to the corpora cavernosa is impaired?
|
| Erection will not occur.
| |
| Erection will be able to occur, but ejaculation will not be possible.
| |
| The urethra will become occluded.
| |
| The erect penis will be unable to become flaccid.
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| none of the above
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|
|
|
| 48.
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| The menstrual cycle begins with a surge of LH and FSH and the onset of the menses. True False
|
|
|
| 49.
|
| During the menstrual cycle, ovulation typically occurs on day …..
|
|
|
| 50.
|
| Erection of the penis is caused by:
|
| contraction of longitudinal muscles.
| |
| the penis filling with the semen to be ejaculated.
| |
| protrusion of the os penis.
| |
| erectile tissues that become engorged with blood.
| |
| none of the above
|
|
3.6. Вправи. Завдання.
Виготовити наочність з теми.
VI. Література:
Основна: Козырева Л. Г. «Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и училищ: учебное пособие / Л. Г Козырева, Т. В. Шадская. — Изд. 7-е. — Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2007.
