E) all of the above

F) only a) and c)

Text 2

1. Scan through the text below and entitle it.

Whether you fly over the country or drive across it, the impression you get is always the same; it's very flat and there are lots of trees. The country has no sea borders and it sits in the heart of the mid-European plain between the Baltic Sea to the north and the Black Sea to the south. It borders Poland to the west, Lithuania to the northwest, Latvia to the north, Russia to the northeast and east and finally, Ukraine to the south. The capital of the republic is Minsk. The country covers a surface area of 207,600km². It ranks 13th of all Euro­pean countries (excluding Russia) in area size. Those hills that exist here are barely hills at all; the mean elevation above sea level is only 160m, with the highest point being Mount Dzherzhinskaya in Minsk oblast at just 345m, although it is sufficiently elevated for there to be an emerging winter sports resort. The lowest is the valley of the Nieman River in Grodno oblast at just over 80m.Lakes (11,000 of them) and rivers (totalling 91,000km in length) are the major features, with significant areas of marshland in between. The area of the Polyesye, the largest of the marsh territories, runs along the southern boundary of the country and is one of the biggest in Europe. In the north is the country's lakeland area. Five major rivers run through the territory of Belarus, the Nieman, the Dnieper, the Berezhina, the Sozh and the Pripyat. Over a third of the total landscape (38%) is covered by forest, much of it forming part of the vast primeval wood that once covered the whole of central Europe. Not only is it a valuable source of timber, it also performs other ecological functions, such as water conservation and soil protection, as well as being home to a rich variety of wildlife and also shelter for much revered supplies of plants used for medicinal and food purposes (particularly mushrooms and berries). Other natural resources include an abundance of peat fields (although these have been significantly depleted by intensive extraction) and small reserves of oil and natural gas, although production is insignificant. There are also 63 separate sources of mineral water supplying a significant number of sanatoria and spas throughout the country. Farmland accounts for around 44% of the republic's area, with 27.3% being arable. The climate is moderately continental, ranging from unforgiving winters, when the mean January temperature is -6.7°C, to warm summers, when the mean in July is + 17.8°C. The annual level of precipitation is 550-650mm in the low country and 650-750mm at higher elevations. The average vegetation period is 184-208 days. Generally, the climate is favourable for growing cereal crops, vegetables, potato and fruit. Official figures released in July 2007 estimate the population of the country at that time as 9,724,723. The earlier census taken in February 1999 showed the figure to be 10,045,237 at that date, with the subsequent count in December 2005 showing 9,750,500. All of this means that the negative growth rate is currently -0.06%. Government figures suggest that over 130 nationalities call Belarus their home, with by far the largest demographic group being that comprising native Belarusians, who make up 81% of the total population. Russians come next, with 11%, then Poles and Ukrainians, accounting for 4% and 2% respectively. Roughly 80% of the people are classed as belonging to the Russian Orthodox Church and around 10% are believed to be Roman Catholic, with the remaining 10% being Protestant, Jewish or Muslim. Estimates also show that 3-3.5 million native Belarusians reside outside the country's borders, most of them in the United States of America, Russia, Ukraine and Poland. Russian and Belarusian have equal status as formally adopted national languages. Belarusian is one of three historic eastern Slavonic languages and not surprisingly, it shares many vocabulary and grammatical similarities with the language of its state neighbours, especially Russian, Ukrainian and Polish. The Belarusian alphabet is based on the Cyrillic script, from the alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic language. The current form dates from 1918 and has 32 letters. The rules of modern grammar date from the 1959 reform. The system of education in Belarus is state-administered and funded directly from the budgets of local tiers of government, to which schools report. The structure consists of first kindergarten education, then school education and training, vocational and technical education, secondary special education, higher education, training of scientific and scientific pedagogical personnel and the retraining and self-development of adults. In 2002, almost 71% of pre-school children were in full-time education in nurseries and kindergartens. The two state languages of Belarusian and Russian are used equally for teaching and training. The whole process is overseen by the state Ministry of Education, which has developed a curriculum that consists of compulsory and optional disciplines. No student of modern-day Belarus can hope to gain an insight into the mystery and enigma that characterise the national psyche without first engaging in at least a rudimentary study of all that has gone before. But there is very little to be found specifically about the country in Western books, although there is much to read on the subject of Holy Mother Russia and the former Soviet Union, both of which subsumed it at various times as an integral element of their empires. There is one theme in particular that spans the centuries: that of suffering and privation. Whether subjugated to the yoke of Lithuanian, Pole, Tsar, Frenchman, Bolshevik, Communist, Nazi, Communist again or latterly oligarch, heroism and tragedy can be found on most of the pages of the country's history, as drama and melodrama unfold in the never-ending struggle to resist pain, anguish, grief and suffering. For generation after generation, there seems to have been no sanctuary from constant oppression, with the identity of the oppressor being largely irrelevant. Further, the media of oppression are many and varied: fear, dogma, hunger, poverty, lack of education, geography, climate and in recent times, Chernobyl. Each succeeding generation has developed defences to resist every challenge that comes along, such that the people of today are characterised by an astonishingly stoical resilience. The origins of traditional Belarusian dress are as difficult to establish as any area of culture. Primarily made from wool and hand-produced linen, its key features are straight lines and white and red colouring, often with intricate patterns at the edges (as with the national flag), dependent upon the place of origin. There are many subtle variances of design from region to region and even from district to district. Today, national dress is most frequently worn at festivals and special occasions such as weddings. Traditional crafts include pottery, wood engraving and plait work with straw, willow, root and bark. The most notable and uniquely attributable example of Belarusian folk art is the rushnik, or ceremonial towel. Traditional cuisine displays the same diversity of influence as dress and crafts, although it is widely held to mostly resemble that of Lithuania. Travellers in other parts of eastern Europe will encounter much that they have seen before and little that they will not have seen. Great significance has always been attached to bread, both as a staple foodstuff, but also as an important symbol in many rituals. The potato forms the basis for many meals (historically referred to as 'second bread') and the plentiful supply of mushrooms in the forests that extensively cover the land ensures their prominence in many recipes. The most well-known dish is draniki (potato pancakes), usually served with a rich pork stew in pots. Only moderate seasoning is used in cooking.

Vocabulary notes:

anguish n – сильная боль, bark n – кора дерева, engraving n – гравировка, резьба, grief n – горе, holy a – святой, insight n – проницательность, intricate a – запутанный, oppression n – притеснение, угнетение, primeval a – первобытный, privation n – лишение, нужда,

resilience n – упругость, sanctuary n – убежище, span v – покрывать пространство, straw n – соломка, subjugate v – покорять, подчинять, subtle a – тонкий, suffering n – страдание, unfold v – развёртываться, willow n – ива, yoke n – ярмо.

2. Read the text again and divide it into appropriate paragraphs (about 8); discuss the results in pairs.

3. Make a short plan of the text outlining the main ideas of the paragraphs.

4. Read the text again and say if the following statements are true or false.

1. Belarus borders Poland to the east, Lithuania to the northeast, Latvia to the north, Russia to the northwest and west and finally, Ukraine to the south.

2. The area of the Polyesye, the largest of the hilled territories, runs along the southern boundary of the country and is one of the biggest in Europe.

3. Over a third of the total landscape (38%) is covered by sand, much of it forming part of the vast primeval desert that once covered the whole of central Europe.

4. The climate is favourable for growing cereal crops, vegetables, potato and fruit.

5. News that the population is continuing to grow will come as no surprise to those who know the country.

6. Estimates also show that 3-3.5 million native Belarusians reside outside the country's borders, most of them in Asia.

7. The Belarusian alphabet is based on the Latin script, from the alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic language.

8. The system of education in Belarus is state-administered and funded directly from the budgets of local tiers of government, to which schools report.

9. There are plenty of sources to be found about the country specifically in Western books.

10. There are no subtle variances of design of national dress from region to region and even from district to district.

5. Look through the text again searching for the English equivalents of the following collocations.

Пересекать страну на самолёте или машине, находиться в центре среднеевропейской равнины, граничить с, занимать площадь, высота над уровнем моря, горнолыжный курорт, болотистая и озёрная местность, протекать по территории, первобытный лес, быть ценным источником, защита воды и почвы, изобилие запасов торфа, годовой уровень осадков, перепись населения, отрицательный показатель роста, составлять …% от всего населения, жить за пределами страны, создать учебную программу, составной элемент, национальный характер, нескончаемая борьба с бедами, постоянное угнетение, недостаток образования, удивительно стойкое противостояние, в зависимости от места происхождения, гончарное дело, резьба по дереву, лозоплетение, национальная кухня.

6. Retell the text using your plan.

Text 3

Read the text below, mind the pronunciation of the geographic names. Fulfil the tasks that follow.

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