Management of dairy stock

In farming practice the majority of calves are born to dairy cows kept for the production of milk for sale. There­fore, in order to rear calves it is frequently necessary to deprive them of their natural feeding and environment and to rear them in some artificial way.

As soon as the calf is removed from its mother, it is impor­tant that there is a dry bedding of straw for the calf to lie on and for it to be well away from draughts.

The first milk, or colostrum, produced by the cow after calving has been designed by nature as a food most suited to the needs of the young calf.

If the calf is left with its mother, it will start to suckle almost as soon as it can stand. With calves being removed from their mothers, the first milk must be provided regularly for at least the first 3 or 4 days.

The first 6 months or so in the life of a calf, whether it be ultimately for beef or dairy, is the most important time in the rearing programme. Good feeding and management at this stage are the best means of ensuring the calf grow quickly for production and profit.

It is very common for a heifer to be bred at the age of about 2 years.

The gestation period of the cow is 280 days. Normally, the cow will calve at 12-monthly intervals.

The calf born in autumn will get most of its food from good nutritious grazing during the first summer. The calves certainly grow faster with some grain, and are also better able to resist disease and parasitic troubles. Up to about 2 lb (0.9 kg) of a mainly cereal mixture per head per day is quite adequate. At the same time, a mineral supplement can conveniently be added to the concentrates. A clean water supply is most important.

It is well-known that the sire is half of the herd. That is why the herd bull must be kept in good breeding condition, especially at the time of service. It is also well-known that the ability to produce milk and butterfat can be transmitted to the offspring through the male as well as through the female.

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. Бонк Н.А., Лукьянова Н.А., Памухина Л.Г. Учебник английского языка. Ч.1,2. - М.,1992.

2. Выборова Г.Е., Махмурян К.С. Easy English. Сборник упражнений по английской грамматике. - М.,1998.

3. Занина Е.Л. 95 устных тем по английскому языку. – М., 1998.

4. Murphy Raymond. English grammar in use. – CUP, 1995.

5. Николенко Т.Г. Тесты по грамматике английского языка. – М., 2000.

6. Синявская Е.В., Улановская Э.С. Книга для чтения по английскому языку. – М.,1981.

РЕКОМЕНДУЕМЫЕ УЧЕБНИКИ И ПОСОБИЯ

1. Белоусова А.Р., Сперанская Е.Н., Яблокова В.Я. Книга для чтения на английском языке для ветеринаров и зооинженеров. – М.,1979.
2. Людвигова Е.В., Баженова С.М., Павлова Э.С., Седов Д.Г. Учебник английского языка для вузов заочного обучения. – М.,1968.
3. Петрова А.В., Понтович С.В. Учебник английского языка для заочных вузов. Ч. 1 и 2. – М., 1961 и более поздние издания.
4. Полякова Т.Ю., Синявская Е.В., Тынкова О.И., Улановская Э.С. Английский язык для инженеров. – М.,1998.
5. Синявская Е.В., Улановская Э.С. Книга для чтения по английскому языку. – М., 1981.
6. Щеглова Л.М., Дубнякова И.С. Пособие по английскому языку для сельскохозяйственных вузов. – М., 1972.

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