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TELEGRAPH

Benjamin Franklin, an American who is famous for his interesting and useful inventions, published his ideas about electricity in 1752. Scientists in many countries became interested in this wonderful form of energy. They wanted to find the answer to а very important question: could the electricity be used to develop а fast, efficient system of long-distance communication? Experiments proved that electricity could travel instantly over а very long piece of wire. But а note that was written on а piece of paper couldn't be put into а wire. How could electricity be used to send а message? А Danish scientist discovered that electricity could move а needle from left to right and that the needle could be pointed at letters on а piece of paper. Then а German government worker made up а code system that could be used with an electric needle. In 1837 two English scientists sent а message by electric telegraph for а distance of more than 1.6 kilometers.

Samuel Morse, an American portrait painter, was experimenting with an electric telegraph too. At first he connected а pencil to an electric wire. When the electricity came through the wire the pencil made wavy lines. Then Morse invented а code that used dots and dashes for the letters of the alphabet. Finally, he discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written, they could be sent in sound.

On May 24, 1844, the first long-distance message was sent by telegraph for 64 kilometers.

Telegraph companies were formed in many cities. By 1861 telegraph wires stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe too, Samuel Morse's system became popular.

But telegraph wires couldn't be hung over an ocean. Messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship – а journey of two or three weeks. А new method was needed.

The Atlantic Telegraph Company which was organized in 1856 wanted to try to lay а cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.

The 4,000-kilometer cable broke three times. Each time а new cable had to be made. Finally, on July 27, 1866, the first transatlantic message was sent from Newfoundland to Ireland.

Later cables were laid to Central and South America. After 1900 transpacific cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last news and business information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the world.

1. Find the English equivalents for the following:

Полезные изобретения, заинтересовались, удивительная форма энергии, разработать эффективную систему, мгновенно перемещаться, отправить сообщение, кодовая система, электрический провод, точки и тире, проложить кабель.

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the text. Translate the sentences.

1. Benjamin Franklin is …. for his inventions. 2. Scientists became interested in this wonderful form of …. 3. Electricity could travel … over a very long …….. ….4. A German government worker made up …., that could be used with an electric needle. 5. Samuel Morse was experimenting with … … too. 6. He connected a pencil to ……. 7. Morse invented a code that used … and …. 8. The ATC wanted to try … … … ….on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean

TELEPHONE

Alexander Graham Bell never planned to be an inventor, he wanted to be а musician or а teacher of deaf реор1е. The subjects that he studied at school included music, art, literature, Latin and Greek They did not include German which all scientists used in their books. Alexander's mother was а painter and а musician. His father was а well-known teacher of deaf people.

When Alexander was only sixteen, he became а teacher in boy's school in Scotland. He liked teaching there, but he still wanted to become а teacher of deaf people as his father.

He read all the books about sound that he could find and started to work on some of his own experiments.

At twenty five Alexander became interested in finding а way to send human voice through an electric wire. The parents of his pupils contributed money for the equipment. He found an assistant, Tom Watson, who worked in an electrical shop. For two years Tom and Alexander were working together to build а machine that people could use to talk to one another over long distances. After two years, the two young men were becoming discouraged. Then, one day, when they were working on а new transmitter Alexander spilled some acid (пролить кислоту) on himself. Tom Watson, who was alone in another room, heard а voice. The voice was coming through а wire to а receiver on the table! The voice was Alexander Bell's! It was saying: "Come here, Mr. Watson. 1 need you!"

The first telephone line was built in Germany in 1877. By 1915 а telephone line was opened in the United States – 5,440 kilometers from New York to San Francisco.

Now design bureaus all over the world are conducting experiments to develop video-phone or picture phone. А young man in Moscow wants to speak to his friend in Vladivostok. He lifts his telephone receiver, dials а number. After а very short time his friend answers. As he picks up his receiver his picture appears on the screen. They can speak to each other face to face because they are using а new kind of telephone which may be called "а video-phone". In addition to the usual telephone, the equipment includes а small television screen (14 cm by 13 cm) and, combined with the screen, а television camera. The camera tube will allow the user to switch from а wide view of the room to the face of the person speaking. The focus can be changed to give clear pictures of objects 0.3, 0.9 and 6.0 meters away from the camera. There is also a mirror attachment, which allows the camera to scan documents which may be lying on the table. The camera adjusts itself automatically to different lighting conditions.

1.Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

Изобретатель, звук, опыт, человеческий голос, электрический провод, вложить деньги в оборудование, на большом расстоянии, передатчик, приемник, проектные бюро, поднимать трубку, переключаться, регулироваться

2. Find in the text synonyms to the following words:

To intend, famous, to get, to begin, a test, to construct, to carry out, brief, to talk, to vary, various.

3. Translate the following sentences into Russian and say whether these statements are true or false.

1. Alexander Bell planned to be an inventor. 2. The school subject included German which all scientists used in their books. 3. When Alexander was only sixteen, he became a musician. 4. Bell’s assistants contributed money for the equipment. 5. His assistant, Tom Watson, worked as a clerk. 6. After two years the two young men were a success. 7. The first telephone line was built in Switzerland.

HISTORY OF THERMOMETERS

Placing а kettle full of cold water on the fire is quite an ordinary thing. This time we shall do it to carry out a simple experiment. Placing а finger into the kettle from time to time, we find that the water is gradually becoming hotter and hotter, until it boils at last. In scientific language we describe this phenomenon by saying that the temperature of the water is rising.

However, we need some more exact means of measuring the difference of temperature than our finger. In effect, the finger can give us neither exact information, nor numerical data.

As а matter of fact, the very first step in the development of heat engineering made it necessary to find а device for indicating temperature and for measuring its changes. As is well known, the thermometer is the very instrument that serves this purpose.

As early as 1602, Galileo invented an air thermometer. It consisted of а glass bulb containing air and connected to а glass tube, the latter being immersed into а coloured liquid. Galileo's air thermometer was sensitive not only to temperature changes but also to changes of atmospheric pressure.

The type of thermometer familiar to everyone at present was first put into general use as early as 1654. Making the first measuring instruments was not an easy thing at all. Needless to say, the most difficult problem of all was that of marking the degrees on the thermometer, in other words, of graduating the scale. It was decided, at last, to take two fixed points and to divide the interval between them into small equal parts or degrees. And then, in 1701, Isaak Newton, the famous English scientist, whose name is known all over the world, constructed а scale in which the freezing point of water w as taken as zero and the temperature of the human body as 12'.

Some time later the German physicist Fahrenheit proved that the temperature of boiling water was always the same at the same atmospheric pressure. It might therefore be used as a second fixed point instead of the temperature of the human body. As for the liquid used, it was mercury which has been mostly employed since that time.

On the Fahrenheit scale the boiling point of water is taken as 212' and the freezing point as 32', the interval being divided into 180 equal parts. The scale under consideration is indicated by writing the letter F after the temperature, as for example, 212'F. This scale is mainly used in English-speaking countries.

So far we have not mentioned the Centigrade scale. On the Centigrade scale the freezing point of water is marked O'C and the boiling point is marked 100'C, the letter С indicating this scale. This temperature scale is employed in the Soviet Union as well as in most other countries of the world.

Speaking of thermometers, one must make reference to the pyrometer. We know of its being used for measuring temperatures that are too high for mercury thermometers. We also know of its finding wide application in industry.

1. Translate the following word combinations.

temperature scale, lightning conductor, freezing point human body, German-speaking countries, measuring instrument, temperature difference, boiling point, atmospheric pressure, numerical data, mercury thermometer, electrical device

2.. Fill in the blanks with suitable words and word combinations given below.

1. А thermometer is employed for... temperature and for... its changes. 2. The glass tube was immerse into а... liquid. 3. As early as 1602 Galileo invented an.... 4. The... scale is employed in the Soviet Union. 5.... looks like а yellow stone. 6. The Fahrenheit scale is mainly used in.... 7. Galileo's air thermometer was sensitive to.... 8. The scientists worked out the plan of their... research.

coloured, Centigrade, amber, measuring, English-speaking countries, air thermometer, indicating, changes of atmospheric pressure, scientific

I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the non-finite forms of the verb.

1. For heating а body, we place it in contact with another body at а higher temperature. 2. There are two diagrams this figure, one of them showing the temperature differenсе. 3. Comparing the data obtained by our tests is the only means of solving the problem in question. 4. The instrument for measuring the temperature of hot flowing metals is similar to that widely used in our laboratory. The engineers carried out the experiment, looking at the ale of the thermometer from time to time. 6. Thermometers are employed for measuring temperature differences 7. On the Centigrade scale 'the freezing point of water is marked O'C, the boiling point being marked 100'C. 8. 0n being rubbed amber obtains the ability of attracting objects

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