The father of Russian cities, Novgorod

1. Novgorod is one of the most ancient cities in Russia. The town was founded in the 10^th century, near the Volkhov river and Lake Ilmen. Later it became the Centre of the independent Novgorod Republic.

2. In medieval times Novgorod was one of the greatest art centres in Europe. Its architecture, jewellery, painted icons and decorative art became famous all over the world. In the 1100s Prince Yaroslav the Wise opened the first school in the city. Documents written on birch-bark, found by archaeologists, prove that the citizens of Novgorod had a high level of literacy and culture.

3. Novgorod’s good geographical position meant that the city was able to establish economic and cultural links with Western Europe. It became a go-between in the trade of Europe with oriental countries.

4. Novgorod is associated with many great people. One of these people is Alexander Nevsky, the famous prince of Novgorod who defeated the Swedes and defended Russia in the 13^th century. After this victory he was given the nickname ‘Nevsky’ because the battle had taken place on the Neva river.

5. Visitors to Novgorod will be fascinated by the cathedral of St. Sophia, the oldest surviving stone monument in Russia, built in 1045, and the Kremlin of Novgorod, which is Russia’s oldest Kremlin. You can also visit a unique complex of ancient Russian architectural monuments from the 11^th to 17^th centuries. Novgorod is a beautiful town, full of history and culture.

3.5 Read and complete the dialogue with the phrases given.

a) OK.

b) Yes, it was

c) Red Square and the Kremlin.

d) Of course, we will.

e) You see,

f) Of course not.

g) I see,

h) Spasskaya.

	Misha: Haven’t you forgotten we are going sightseeing today? Colin: ____(1). What will be the starting point of our sightseeing? Misha: ____(2). I think it is the most interesting place in Moscow. Colin: When was it built? Misha: ____(3), Moscow began with the Kremlin. And it was founded in 1147. Colin: I was told that the Kremlin had been rebuilt many times.Misha: ____(4). Originally the Kremlin was a fortress.	Colin:_____(5), its walls are very high and thick. What is the biggest tower of the Kremlin? Misha: ____(6). It often serves as a symbol of the country. We can hear the bells of the clock on the radio. Colin: Just like Big Ben in London. Can we go inside the Kremlin? Misha: _____(7). You’ll see many interesting things there. Colin: _____(8). Let’s go.
Grammar: Perfect Tenses
	Active	Passive
to have + Past Participle	to have + been + Past Participle
Present	have built has	have been built has
Past	had built	had been built
Future	will have built	will have been built
They have built a new school.	A new school has been built.
Они построили новую школу.	Была построена новая школа.
They had restored the city by 1948. Они восстановили город к 1948.	The city had been restored by 1948. Город был восстановлен к 1948.
They will have built a new school by the end of the year. Они построят новую школу к концу года.	A new school will have been built by the end of the year. Новая школа будет построена к концу года.

Note: Present Perfect is used with adverbs: ever (когда-либо), never (никогда), just (только что), already (уже), not yet (еще не); with word combinations: this week, this year, today, recently; with prepositions: for (в течение), since (с, со времени).

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