Types of sentences

v Monopredicative (1 predication centre) = 1 clause

1) A Simple Sentence

2) A semi-composite sentence:

· A semi-complex (Participle1, Participle2, Gerund, Infinitive clauses)

· A semi-compound (homogeneous parts)

v Polypredicative (2 / more predication centres) = 2 or more clauses

A Composite Sentence:

1) Compound – 2/more equal clauses (connection of clauses syndatic (coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, not only…but also, neither…nor, either…or, while, however, nevertheless, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, whereas, moreover, as well as) /asyndatic))

2) Complex =1 main clause+2/more subordinate clauses (subordination)

Types of Subordinate clauses:

Subject Predicative Object	Fixed position in sentence
Attributive/relative
Adverbial	Time, place, purpose, cause, condition, concession, result, comparison, manner (attending circumstances)

1) Subject Subordinate clause: It…, What…,

· It is/was/will be/has been + amazing, appropriate, awful, clear, essential, evident, extraordinary, fair, fascinating, funny, important, incredible, inevitable, interesting, likely / unlikely, lucky, natural, obvious, possible, impossible, probable, unbelievable, wrong, right + that/why/where/when + the president will be elected. / It’s perfectly clear when the payment is due.

· It + V ( assume, believe, consider, estimate, hope, know, report, say, think in Passive Voice ) + that/why/where/when + the president will be elected. / It is thought that there are more than 3000 languages in the world. / It was understood that the damage would be repaired. / It is hoped that legal expenses should be reduced.

· It + is/was/has been/would be/will be + Noun ( A mistake, a crime, an offence,

a good idea, a pity, a surprise) It’s an offence that you drop litter here. / It would be a pity that you miss the train. / It was a surprise for me that she was still sitting there.

· What I need is to be elected. / What impressed me most was…. / What surprises me is … / What is done can not be undone. / What you have to do is to find a witness.

· Whom you invite is your business. / How they managed to survive is a mystery. / Where we stay doesn’t matter. / Whether or not he is a student is irrelevant. / Whoever may come here will be given a warm welcome. / Nothing would satisfy his parents but that he should get only the top grades.

2) Predicative Subordinate clause: after link V – be, feel, look, seem, taste, sound, become, remain.

· The point/truth/thing is that my pass isn’t valid.

· The truth is that he was awfully embarrassed.

· The advice/question/suggestion/requirement is /was whether or not (that) we should do smth.

· That’ s why we agreed.

· His fear was that his family might be found.

· I feel/look/seem/sound/taste as if I was tired.

· Susan looks as if she were intelligent. (is intelligent – Похоже, Сьюзан умна!)

· It looked like it was going to rain.

· It seemed as if the whole world was against him.

· What I say is what I mean.

· The requirements are as follows.

3) Object Subordinate clause:

· After transitive Vs + that, why, where, when, how, who, what

· After afraid, angry, anxious, aware, certain, confident, conscious, convinced, delighted, frightened, glad, pleased, happy, positive, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised, upset + that.

· After Vs: advise, ask, beg, command, demand, direct, insist, order, plead, pray, propose, recommend, request, rule, stipulate, suggest, urge + that

· I wish (that) tomorrow was Sunday.

I wish you hadn’t been so rude.

I wish I were a beauty queen.

I wish it would stop raining.

I’d rather you went home.

· Little did smb know, think, imagine, suspect, guess, realize that he was being followed

· Take care / Make sure (that) you don’t catch a cold.

4) Attributibe (Relative) Subordinate clause:

Syndatic connection Who, which, that, whose, whom, why, where, when	Asyndatic connection
News, advice, agreement, announcement, answer, argument, assumption, belief, claim, conclusion, decision, demand, dream, explanation, fact, feeling, hope, idea, impression, message, notion, opinion, principle, promise, proposal, reply, report, rule, requirement, rumour, saying, statement, suggestion, thought, threat, view, warning
· The workers, that we employ, get high salaries. · I agree with the old saying that fortune favours the brave. · The news that John got from Bill was nice. · A message, that the group was on the way, was waiting for us.	The workers, we employ, get high salaries.
The year/time, when… The hotel/place/house, where… The reason, why… The man, whose…

5) Adverbial Subordinate clause:

· Time: when, after, before, till, while, since, as soon as, hardly..when/scarcely…than, by the time, no sooner than, scarcely …than, whenever, every time, the last time,

· Place: where, wherever

You can’t camp wherever you like these days / Put things where you took them. / He will probably feel at easy wherever he finds himself. / Where there’s a will, there’s way.

· Cause: because, as, since

· Condition: if, unless

· Manner (att. circ): as, so … that, as if, as though, like

She acted as if she was mad. / I said Hi with a smile as if I’m the happiest guy in the world. / The steak is cooked just how I like it. / As you sow you shall mow. / when in Rome, do as the Romans do.

· Purpose: so that, in order that, in case

I arrived earlier so that I could get a good view of the place. / I’m roasting the meat now in case my husband comes early.

· Comparison: as if, as though, like, as…as, not so…as, nothing like, less…than, the same…as

You’ve made as many mistakes as I made. / It’s much colder today than it was yesterday.

· Concession: Though, although, No matter how, However, whatever

· Result: too, enough, so…that

We arrived earlier so that we got the best seats. / The director made so many mistakes that the company collapsed. She was so amazed that she couldn’t utter a word.

· Proportion:

The louder he talked, the faster we counted./ The harder he worked, the less they paid him./ The longer we live and more we think, the higher value we put on friendship and love. / the more, the better. / The higher is the price, the fewer people can afford this.

Rules to form sentences:

Дата добавления: 2015-07-19