Torment with ease, and soonest recompense Dole with delight.—Milton: Paradise Lost. ‡ English Roots. Third Edition, page 149.

LECTURE II. 57

therefrom. A " duke" originally meant a leader; a " dukedom" is the territory of a reigning duke; and a " ducat" is a coin issued by such, named after the ruler, similarly to our sovereign. " Duc­tile" means fit to be led; "abduction" is a leading away from; while " adduce" is to lead to; and " conduce" to lead together, to bring with one, that is, to help; and " conducive " means that which tends or leads to the promotion of the object in view. To " conduct" is to lead with, or guide, and the channel or agent in so doing is called a " conductor." A man's " conduct" sig­nifies the manner in which he " conducts" him­self, that is, how he leads his life with himself. Through the French, derived from the Latin, we have a " conduit," being a pipe for conducting any­thing; as also an " aqueduct" and a " viaduct," to describe the carrying of water, and of a road; but these belong to words compounded with nouns. To " deduce" is to lead or bring from; and a " deduction" is the conclusion to which one is led by the premised propositions, as that is " deduci-ble" which may be drawn out therefrom. To " de­duct" is to take away from, and that so taken off is called a " deduction" from the gross amount. To " educe" is to bring out; and to " educate," is, metaphorically, to draw forth the powers of the mind. " Educational" is now in common use, but it is not to be found in Johnson's Dic­tionary; it means relating to education. To

LECTURE II.

" induce" is to lead in or on; as an " inducement" signifies a motive, that which leads one on to the performance of any act. To " induct" is also to lead in, used to express the putting one into the actual possession of an office or benefice. In logic, " induction" is when from several particular pro­positions we infer one general. To " introduce" is to bring to or within, as an " introduction" is thus bringing a person to another; and an " intro-ductory" chapter or lecture is that which " intro-duces" the subject to be treated of. We have also to " produce," that is, to bring forth, and that which is so brought forth is called the " pro-duce," spelt the same but pronounced differently, it is usual with verbs and nouns. The " product" is used to describe something produced or brought forth by nature, as fruits, grain, or metals. It also signifies the sum, as the " product" of many numbers added together; and the result, as the "product" of a trade, which is called " productive," if able or fitted to " produce" a profit. To " reduce" is to bring back; but in this, its pri­mary meaning, it has become obsolete.* The word is now used in the sense of diminishing, that is to bring back to its former state,—to its component parts. It is likewise employed to ex-

* " Abate the edge of traitors, gracious lord!

That would reduce these bloody days again."— Shakspeare.

LECTURE II. 59

press a bringing into subjection.* A " reduction" means a diminution; and in arithmetic "reduction" brings two or more numbers of different denomi­nations into one denomination. The verb "seduce" and the noun " seduction" refer to a leading away out of the path; and that which is apt to have this effect of misleading is called " seductive." To " superinduce" is to bring in as an addition to, or over and above something else; and to " traduce" means to draw from one side to another; used in a metaphorical sense, to sig-nify a drawing away from privacy before the public gaze; and as this is usually done with a bad motive, the word is restricted to defamation, and the detraction of another's character.

The Latin verb, esse, to be, with the present participle ens, (entis), being, is to be found incorporated into many of our familiar words. Hence we have " entity," meaning a real being; and " essence," which Locke defines " as the very being of a thing, whereby it is what it is." In popular language, this word is used to describe the odour or perfume of any thing, or the prin­cipal constituent quality of it. That which is necessary to the constitution or existence of any thing is " essential" to it. " Absent" means being away from; an "absentee" is one who resides

* "... Under thee, as head supreme,

Thrones, princedoms, pow'rs, dominions, I reduce." — Milton.

LECTURE II.

away from his property. " Presence," on the other hand, is being before one; as the Irish peasant describes it, being to the fore. From this comes the verb to "present," and the noun "presen-tation," implying being set before one. The Almighty who is in every place is " omnipre-sent," a word compounded with the Latin ad­jective omnis, all. That which gives us con­cern is said to " interest" us; the word signifying having a share in, and alluding to something that is or exists between you and me. Hence the noun is applied to any thing from which an advantage is derived; and " interest" for the use of money is the compensation paid for the profit which the bor­rower may derive from the use of the principal. " Quintessence," literally a fifth essence, means an extract from anything containing all its vir­tues in a small quantity. To " represent" is to exhibit as again present, or to bring before us the likeness or image of a thing; and a " representa­tive" is one who is present for another, as a mem-ber of parliament sent to the House of Commons (which itself " represents" the people), to be pre­sent instead of his " constituents," that is, those who constitute him their representative. But this is anticipating another verb, to come under consi­deration in due course.

LECTURE III.

WORDS FORMED FROM LATIN VERBS.

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