The environment and pollution

It was in Britain that the word “smog” was first used (to describe a mixture of smoke and fog) As the world's first industrialized country, its cities were the first to suffer this atmospheric condition. In the nineteenth century London's “pea-soupers” (thick smogs) became famous through descriptions of them in the works of Charles Dickens and in the Sherlock Holmes stories. The situation in London reached its worst point in 1952. At the end of that year a particularly bad smog, which lasted for several days, was estimated to have caused between 4, 000 and 8, 000 deaths.

Water pollution was also a problem. In the nineteenth century it was once suggested that the Houses of Parliament should be wrapped in enormous wet sheets to protect those inside from the awful smell of the River Thames. Until the 1960s, the first thing that happened to people who fell into the Thames was that they were rushed to hospital to have their stomachs pumped out!

Then, during the 1960s and 1970s, laws were passed which forbade the heating of homes with open coal fires in city areas and which stopped much of the pollution from factories. At one time, a scene of fog in a Hollywood film was all that was necessary to symbolize London. This image is now out of date, and by the end of the 1970s it was said to be possible to catch fish in the Thames outside Parliament.

However, as in the rest of western Europe, the great increase in the use of the motor car in the last quarter of the twentieth century caused an increase in a new kind of air pollution. This problem has become so serious that the television weather forecast now regularly issues warnings of “poor air quality”. On some occasions it is bad enough to prompt official advice that certain people (such as asthma sufferers) should not even leave their houses, and that nobody should take any vigorous exercise, such as jogging, out of doors.

Vocabulary:

mixture – суміш	cause – спричиняти	stomach – шлунок
smoke – дим, імла	pollution – забруднення	increase – зростання, збільшення
fog – туман	wrap – загортати	warning – попередження
suffer – страждати	awful – жахливий	vigorous – енергійний

Questions:

1 What is smog? What causes smog? 2 Describe the water pollution problem in 19th century England. 3 What can cause air pollution? 4 What are the most serious environmental problems nowadays in our country? 5 What causes these problems? 6 What can people do to protect nature from the harm? 7 Name some ecological problems of the place where you live. 8 Do you think our government does enough to protect our nature? Why? / Why not? 9 How do you personally take care of nature?

Be ready to speak about the problems of the environment in your country / town.

Grammar: Past Simple – Минулий простий час (2)

Стверджувальна форма	Заперечна форма	Питальна форма
I/ you /he /she /it/ we / they started (правильне дієслово)	I/ you /he /she /it/ we /they didn't (= did not) start	Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they start?
I / you / he / she / it / we / they won (неправильне дієслово)	I/ you /he /she /it/ we /they didn't (= did not) win	Did I /you /he/she/ it / we / they win?

1 Використовуємо Past Simple, коли говоримо про завершену дію або стан в минулому. Це може бути те, що сталося одного разу або багато разів. Часто зазначаємо, коли це сталося.

He died in 1992. (= один раз)

My father always took me to school when I was little. (= багаторазово)

We lived in a very small house in those days. (= стан)

2 До правильних дієслів додаємо -ed (watch ed, start ed). Проте є кілька виключень.

Дієслово закінчується на:	Правило	Приклад
-e (like)	додаємо -d	I like d the film.
голосний + одну приголосний та має один склад (stop)	подвоюємо останню букву	They sto pp ed for lunch.
приголосний + -y (carry)	змінюємо -y на -ied	He carr i ed the bags all the way home.
голосний + -l та має два склади (travel)	подвоюємо останню букву	They trave ll ed at night.

3 Форми минулого часу дієслова be – was (в однині) / were (в множині).

Стверджувальна форма	Заперечна форма	Питальна форма
I / he / she / it was late	I / he / she / it wasn't (= was not) late	Was I / he / she / it late?
we / you / they were late	we / you / they weren't (= were not) late	Were we / you / they late?

Дата добавления: 2015-07-19