Compose, wake up, break, и т. д.

The Passive Voice.

Страдательный залог.

В английском языке действия могут быть выражены с помощью как активного залога (ActiveVoice) так и страдательного (пассивного) залога (Passive Voice).

В активном залоге подлежащее само совершает действие:

* Аlexander Bell invented the telephone. – А.Белл изобрёл телефон.

В пассивном залоге действие совершается над подлежащим:

* The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell. – Телефон был изобретён А. Беллом.

Passive Voice используется, когда мы не хотим или не можем сказать, кто совершил действие, обращаем особое внимание на само событие или избегаем использования формального подлежащего.

Например:

* The window was broken last night – Окно было разбито прошлой ночью.

* Rome wasn’t built in one day. – Рим был построен не за один день.

* Shoes are repaired here. - Обувь ремонтируется здесь.

Заметьте, что при переводе из активного залога в пассивный дополнение активного предложения (the telephone - в нашем случае) становиться подлежащим, ставиться на первое место и испытывает на себе некое воздействие. Это изменение направленности действия и показывается с помощью пассивной формы глагола.

Например:

* Somebody cleans the office every day. (Active Voice)

* The office is cleaned every day. (Passive Voice)

В случае, если мы хотим показать кем или чем совершается действие, выраженное пассивным залогом, используются предлоги by и with.

BY - используется для обозначения кем или чем совершается действие:

* The building was designed by Rossi.

* He was brought up by his aunt.

- а также после следующих глаголов: damage, destroy, control, make, discover, write,

compose, wake up, break, и т. д.

* The window was broken by this stone.

* The bridge was destroyed by the fire.

WITH - используется, чтобы указать на предмет, орудие или инструмент, с помощью

которого совершается действие.

* He was killed with a knife.

* It was drawn with a stick on the sand.

* The bag was cut with a razor.

Общая формула пассивного залога.

to be + III форма глагола

/ \

(изменяется по временам и (к правильным глаголам добавляется -ed,

числам) у неправильных используется 3-я форма

глагола – страдательное причастие II)

Для большинства времён активного залога существуют соответствующие формы пассивного залога, которые употребляются в таких же временных ситуациях с использованием характерных наречий и предлогов.

Изучите таблицы и примеры:

Present Simple Passive
I am taken He is taken She is taken It is taken   We are taken You are taken They are taken   always, sometimes, every day, occasionally, never, etc.	I am not taken He is not taken She is not taken It is not taken   We are not taken You are not taken They are not taken	AmI taken? Ishe taken? Is she taken? Isit taken? Arewe taken? Areyou taken? Arethey taken?

* (Active) They record about 100 songs at this studio every week. ->

(Passive) About 100 songs are recorded at this studio every week.

Каждую неделю на этой студии записывается около сотни песен.

Past Simple Passive
I was taken He was taken She was taken It was taken   We were taken You were taken They were taken   yesterday, last week, in 2004, 5 days ago, etc.	I was not taken He was not taken She was not taken It was not taken   We were not taken You were not taken They were not taken	WasI taken? Washe taken? Was she taken? Wasit taken? Werewe taken? Wereyou taken? Werethey taken?

* (Active) They recorded about 100 000 songs at this studio last year. ->

(Passive) About 100 000 songs were recorded at this studio last year.

В прошлом году на этой студии было записано около тысячи песен.

Future Simple Passive
I will be taken He will be taken She will be taken It will be taken   We will be taken You will be taken They will be taken   tomorrow, next month, in a few days, right now, etc.	I will not be taken He will not be taken She will not be taken It will not be taken   We will not be taken You will not be taken They will not be taken	WillI be taken? Willhe be taken? Will she be taken? Willit be taken? Willwe be taken? Willyou be taken? Willthey be taken?

* (Active) They will record his new song at this studio tomorrow. ->

(Passive) His new song will be recorded at this studio tomorrow.

Его новая песня будет записана на этой студии завтра.

Present Continuous Passive
I am being taken He is being taken She is being taken It is being taken   We are being taken You are being taken They are being taken   now, at the moment, etc.	I am not being taken He is not being taken She is not being taken It is not being taken   We are not being taken You are not being taken They are not being taken	AmI being taken? Ishe being taken? Is she being taken? Isit being taken? Arewe being taken? Areyou being taken? Arethey being taken?

* (Active) They arerecording his new song now. ->

(Passive) His new song is being recorded now.

Его новая песня сейчас записывается.

Past Continuous Passive
I was being taken He was being taken She was being taken It was being taken   We were being taken You were being taken They were being taken   at 7 o’clock yesterday, from 6 to 8 yesterday evening, the whole day yesterday, when you phoned, etc.	I was not being taken He was not being taken She was not being taken It was not being taken   We were not being taken You were not being taken They were not being taken	WasI being taken? Washe being taken? Was she being taken? Wasit being taken? Werewe being taken? Wereyou being taken? Werethey being taken?

* (Active) They were recording his new song the whole day yesterday. ->

(Passive) His new song was being recorded the whole day yesterday.

Его новую песню записывали вчера весь день

Present Perfect Passive
I have been taken He has been taken She has been taken It has been taken   We have been taken You have been taken They have been taken   Just, already, yet, ever, never, since…, for…, today, this week, etc.	I have not been taken He has not been taken She has not been taken It has not been taken   We have not been taken You have not been taken They have not been taken	HaveI been taken? Hashe been taken? Has she been taken? Hasit been taken? Havewe been taken? Haveyou been taken? Havethey been taken?

* (Active) They have already recorded 100 songs at this studio this week. ->

(Passive) 100 songs have already been recorded at this studio this week.

На этой неделе на этой студии записано уже сто песен.

Past Perfect Passive
I had been taken He had been taken She had been taken It had been taken   We had been taken You had been taken They had been taken By the end of the last week By 6 o’clock yesterday By the time smth happened When she called Before they left	I had not been taken He had not been taken She had not been taken It had not been taken   We had not been taken You had not been taken They had not been taken	HadI been taken? Hadhe been taken? Had she been taken? Hadit been taken? Hadwe been taken? Hadyou been taken? Hadthey been taken?

* (Active) They had recorded two songs by the time she arrived. ->

(Passive) Two songs had been recorded by the time she arrived.

К тому времени как она приехала было записано уже две песни.

Future Perfect Passive
I will have been taken He will have been taken She will have been taken It will have been taken   We will have been taken You will have been taken They will have been taken   By the end of next week By 6 o’clock tomorrow By the time smth happens When she calls Before they leave	I will not have been taken He will not have been taken She will not have been taken It will not have been taken   We will not have been taken You will not have been taken They will not have been taken	WillI have been taken? Willhe have been taken? Will she have been taken? Willit have been taken? Willwe have been taken? Willyou have been taken? Willthey have been taken?

* (Active) They will haverecorded a new song by the end of this week, I hope. ->

(Passive) A new song will have been recorded by the end of this week, I hope.

Надеюсь, новая песня будет записана к концу этой недели.

Такие времена как Future Continuous и группа времён Perfect Continuous не имеют пассивного залога. Вместо Future Continuous Passive используется Future Simple Passive. Вместо времён Perfect Continuous Passive - группа времён Perfect: Present Perfect Passive, Past Perfect Passive, Future Perfect Passive

Сравните:
Active Voice	Passive Voice
I answer - я отвечаю I answered - я отвечал I will answer - я буду отвечать	I am answered - мне отвечают I was answered - мне отвечали I will be answered - мне ответят

Exercise 1. Change the following Active sentences into Passive.

Example: I tell. - I am told.

I told. – I was told.

I will tell. - I will be told.

1. He showed. ____________________________________________________

2. She will bring. ____________________________________________________

3. I give. ____________________________________________________

4. We sent. ____________________________________________________

5. They will help. ____________________________________________________

6. You advised. ____________________________________________________

7. She invites. ____________________________________________________

8. He remembered. ____________________________________________________

9. You will forget. ____________________________________________________

10. We called. ____________________________________________________

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Дата добавления: 2015-11-14