To be frightened by/of

Sometimes one and the same word can be used either as a passive verb (by/with) or as an adjective (other prepositions)

She was frightened by a mouse that ran into the house (a passive verb)

She has always been terribly frightened of dying. (an adjective)

6. There are a great number of verbs in English that require a prepositional object. These verbs may also be used in the Passive. The preposition r etains its place after the verb. The most commonly occurring verbs are:

to speak about (of, to), to talk about (of), to comment on, to write about, to look at (to, upon, after, for, into), to laugh at, shout at, to mock at, to sneer at, to spit at, to frown at, to whistle at, to swear at, to approve of, to disapprove of, to account for, to dispose of, to send for, to deal with, to ask for, to call for, to depend on, to think of, to rely on, and some set phrases, such as to take care of, to make a fool of, to get in touch with, etc.

e.g. No one could understand a word he said, and an interpreter was sent for. / Her request was disapproved of. / At the college he was thought of as being a big man./ It's all taken care of./ You're being made a fool of, that's all. / She could feel she was being looked at and it pleased her. / The suit-cases were looked after. / He was looked upon as their leader. / He was highly thought of in his village.

When they found her lying on the floor, the doctor was sent for.

You have been a good deal talked about.

She had an uncomfortable feeling that she was being laughed at.

7. There are transitive (that have an object) and intransitive (that have no object) verbs.

The most widely used transitive verbs are:

To build to use + to sleep/to live/to sit

To make to need

To write to send

To repeat to divide

To cut to bring

Act. VOICE: They send me the telegram yesterday

Pas. VOICE: T he telegram was sent to me yesterday

I was sent the telegram yesterday

Some verbs can be transitive or intransitive depending on the situation.

Directions: D efine weather the verb is transitive or intransitive:

Write vt if it is transitive. Write vi if it is intransitive.

1.Mr. West repeated his question. VT

2. Smoke rises. VI

3. The children divided the candy. VT

4. I sneezed. VI

5.A strange thing happened. VI

6.The customer bought some butter. VT

7.Our team won the game. VT

8.Our team won yesterday. VI

9.The fog disappeared, and the sun shone. VI

10. Omar boiled some water. VT

11. We made tea and drank it. VT

W e cannot use intransitive verbs in the passive because they cannot have an object: a) to arrive, to argue, to appear;

b) to be, to become, to belong;

c) to consist, to cry, to come/to go;

d) to exist;

e) to get;

f) to have/to posses, to happen;

g) to lack, to like, to let, to last, to live;

h) to rise, to resemble;

i) to stay, to seem, to suit, to sleep, to sit;

j) to walk

X The jeb wi ll be seemed easy at first.

The job will seem easy at first.

!!!!SOME SPECIAL CASES:

I like the book – The book is liked by me. – The book is to my liking.

I’m in the kitchen if I’m wanted – Если я понадоблюсь, я в кухне.

He is wanted by the police – Его разыскивает полиция.

“Typist wanted” – «Требуется машинистка».

You are wanted on the phone – Тебя к телефону.

8. There is another passive construction possible in English: the subject of the passive construction corresponds to an adverbial modifier of place in the active construction. In this case the preposition also retains its place after the verb.

!!!! e.g. The occupant of the apartment was fully clothed, although the bed had been slept in.

The room looked as if it had not been lived in for years.

The high-backed ugly chairs looked as if they had once been sat in by cardinals.

The use of this construction is rare and usually occurs with the verbs mentioned in the examples.

9. We often use report verbs such as think, suggest, believe, etc. in the passive, often with impersonal it:

It was reported that many people were killed.

She is thought to have been the finest student

in the group.

NOTE 7: The structure is supposed to has a different meaning from is thought to:

She's supposed to be your friend. (= she isn't behaving like a friend)

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