Cautions and Qualifications

Literary periods

In grouping texts according to " type," the concept of genre is applied to all literary works, past, present, or future. Thus seeing a single work in its generic context becomes inseparable from seeing it as part of literary history. The concept of literary period also implies a grouping through time. But a work, rather than being "placed" within the entire sweep of literary history, is "placed" within a much more restricted time frame. The period concept provides another system of classification, ordering literary and cultural data chronologically, within certain discrete time periods. It assumes every age has its characteristic special features, which are reflected in its representative artifacts or creations. (Indeed, among these characteristic features may be its typical choice of genres.) The kind of coherence displayed is not accidental, for literary works participate in the culture of their times.

The Period Concept

Basically, the period concept suggests two things:

(1) that literary works can be grouped according to what they share with each other within a given time frame, and

(2) that this grouping can be differentiated from other such chronological groupings. Literary periods share, in Rene Wellek's phrase, " systems of norms," which include such things as conventions, styles, themes, and philosophies.

Cautions and Qualifications

When we read, most of us like to have at least some information about historical periods because it seems to give us immediate and satisfying entry into a literary work. It often seems to explain a number of things about a poem, play, or novel. Yet before we look more specifically at how study of a period can help us, we ought to raise certain kinds of questions that are important for literary study or, for that matter, for any study which purports to search for truth. Scholarly method and scholarly care often mean observing, questioning, and noting necessary qualifications to any general theory.

We may ask, for example, how are the "characteristic features" of a given period determined? The facts suggest that very often the majority of writers in a period will continue to use the norms of the previous period. We should note, then, that it is usually a special minority, the greatest and most significant artists, who shape and reflect the defining character of a literary period.

It also becomes clear that at least three qualifications to the period concept are necessary. First, the features that differentiate periods are always relative: works written in one time period often display continuities with works of other periods as well as differences among themselves. Second, the beginning, the flowering, and the end of each literary period can be defined, but cannot be fixed precisely; in addition, such terminal dates may vary from one country to another. Third, no individual work can ever embody all that is associated with a given period.

Finally, the attentive student may note that even the labeling of literary periods and movements does not always appear to be consistent. This has come about because the traditional names derive from a variety of sources. "Humanism" came from the history of ideas, and the "Renaissance" from art historians; "Restoration" came from political history, and "The Eighteenth Century" is strictly chronological; "Neoclassic" and "Romantic" came from literary theory, while both "Elizabethan" and "Victorian" came from the names of reigning monarchs.

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