c;2) a; 3) b; 4) b; 5) c; 6) c; 7) c; 8) b; 9) b

TEXT 5

TASK I

Tyranny – tyrannous – tyrannize;

Power – powerful – empower;

Function – functional – function;

Government – governmental – govern;

Center – central – centralize;

Separation – separate – separate;

Difference – different – differ;

Division – divisional – divide;

Reflection – reflective – reflect;

Influence – influential – influence;

Generalization – general – generalize;

Risk – risky – risk;

Weakness – weak – weaken;

Extent(extension) – extend – extensive;

Distinction – distinct(distinctive) – distinguish;

Harmony – harmonious – harmonize;

Contest – contentious – contend;

Dominate – dominant – dominate;

TASK II

Ancient theory; influential version; classical doctrine; powerful government; different interests, kinds, senses; pragmatic compromise; efficient working; proper sphere (of action); foreign affairs; weak government.

TASK III

To combat tyranny; to propose a version; to divide the functions; to veto legislation; to settle disputes; to override veto; to enforce laws; to interpret legislation, the law; to enact laws; to apply the law;

TASK IV

Democracy – the form of government in which the sovereign power resides in and exercised by the whole body of free citizens directly or indirectly through a system of representation, as distinguished from a monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy. The term meaning literally “government by the people” is often employed loosely, often tendentiously, often vaguely. Originally a Greek term democracy was understood by the Greeks in a very different sense from the current understanding: Greek democracy was a limited institution – limited to clan members, who were citizens, a huge population of slaves and other subordinate classes were disfranchised.

Tyranny – arbitrary or despotic government; the severe and autocratic exercise of sovereign power, either vested constitutionally in one ruler, or usurped by him by breaking down the division and distribution of governmental powers.

Convention – 1) a term applied to constitutional rules which are observed although they do not have the force of law.

2) A name given to such meetings of the Houses of Lords and Commons as take place by their own authority, without being summoned by the Sovereign. This can only take place during great national crises. Thus, in 1660, the Convention Parliament met, which restored King Charles the Second; and in 1688, the Lords and Commons met to dispose of the Crown and kingdom in favour of the Prince of Orange.

3) A treaty with a foreign power.

Checks and balances – arrangement of governmental powers whereby powers of one governmental branch curb or control those of other branches.

TEXT 6

TASK II

1) b; 2) c; 3) b; 4) b; 5) c; 6) a; 7)b.

TASK III

1) others; 2) each; another; 3)each; 4) the other; 5) each other; 6)either; 7) each other; 8) another; 9) each, neither, the other.

TEXT 7

TASK I

To describe – description; to require – requirement; to reject – rejection;

to achieve – achievement; to identify – identification (identity); to clarify – clarification (clarity); to pronounce – pronouncement; to declare – declaration;

to state – statement; to maintain – maintenance; to obey – obedience; to refuse – refusal; to violate – violation; to export – export; to regard – regard;

to appoint – appointment; to imagine – imagination

TASK IV

Developed; applied; honouring; changing; analyzed; inducing; called; involving; developed; interpreting; being challenged; construed; upholding; contained.

TASK VI

Immoral, illegal, unaccepted, indirectly, to devalue, to misuse, invalid, non-democratic, impersonal.

TASK VII

Rights and duties; better or worse; public or private; guilt or innocence; followed or preceded; to acquit or to convict; chaos or order; wholly or partly; war and peace; crime and punishment; to break a law or to obey the law; contrary to or in accordance with.

UNIT III

TEXT 1

TASK I

executive power – the part of government that makes certain that laws are being applied as planned.

power of attorney ­ an authority given by one person to another to act on his behalf

resulting powers ­ правомочия, вытекающие из положений закона или из других правомочий

war powers ­ амер. право на объявление войны

emergency powers – powers conferred by government regulations during a state of emergency чрезвычайные полномочия

legal powers - полномочие, урегулированное правом, правомочие

government of powers – полномочное, правомочное правительство

statutory powers - право, правомочие по закону

TASK II

to exercise authority — осуществлять правление

to assume authority — взять власть

to undermine authority — подрывать авторитет

to delegate authority — передавать власть

parental authority — родительская воля

government authority — правительственные структуры

occupation authority — оккупационные власти

to carry authority — иметь влияние

the authority of the judiciary — полномочия судебной власти

TASK III

Alternative view; obscure concept; ceremonial and symbolic function; political significance; official capacity; executive power; corporation sole; legal powers.

TASK V

1. However, the Crown in its official capacity must be separated from the Queen since under the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 the Crown can be sued but not the Queen in her personal capacity.

2. A corporation sole is an office, which is a person separate from the individual who holds the office at any given time and which therefore exists permanently, not being affected by the death of the office holder.

3. However, the crown is an obscure concept, particularly as to whether the Crown and the Queen are the same.

TASK VII possesses; is exempt; has entered; are funded; are funded; can be increased.

TEXT 3

TASK II

1) can, must; 2) have to; 3) should; 4) must; 5) might; 6) should, should; 7) must; 8) could, could, could; 9) can; 10) have to; 11) must.

TASK III

to abolish elections; to propose legislation; to exercise power/a personal choice; to appoint a prime minister; to influence opinion; to form a government; to produce an overall majority; to dissolve Parliament; to summon the leader; to advise a dissolution; to determine the electorate’s preference; to give assent; to command a majority; to dismiss a government

TASK V

a) Powers exercised by the Crown derive from three sources: statute, private law and the royal prerogative. Powers exercisable by other government bodies derive only from statute, except in the case of the police who have common law powers. Statutory powers make up the bulk of Crown powers and are usually conferred directly on individual ministers. The Crown also has inherent prerogative powers which are peculiar to itself. In practice these are also exercised by ministers. In addition the Crown is recognised as a person by the common law and so has the same capacity to make contracts, own property, etc. as a private individual. This has been described as the ‘third source’ of powers exercised by the Crown (see Harris, 1992). By contrast, public bodies such as local authorities that are creatures of statute can only do what statute authorises and cannot rely on the ordinary law.

b) lingering, antiquity, unresolved, finally, permissive, strictly, uneasily.

TASK VI

1. Before looking at the Royal Prerogatives…

2. In this connection Daintith has distinguished…

3. For example, to all intents and purposes…

4. It could be argued that…

5. Parliament can in principle supervise Crown contracts.

TASK VII.

1) usually, 2) directly, 3) lawfully, 4) properly, 5) ultimately, 6) finally, 7) notably.

TEXT 4.

TASK II

Some prerogative powers, for example dissolving Parliament and granting honours and titles, fall into categories that have traditionally been exempt from parliamentary scrutiny on the ground that they involve the personal discretion of the monarch, even though the monarch must usually act on the advice of the prime minister.

TASK III.

1. in; by.

2. on.

3. upon

4. with.

6. over; on; in.

TEXT 5

TASK II

to levy taxes

to declare wars

to dissolve Parliament

to prevent criticism

to restore the monarchy

to give up the right

to exercise the powers

to appoint prime ministers

TEXT 6

TASK II

make up to form (something) as a whole

put forward to offer, suggest (something as an idea) for consideration

to back up to support something or someone

die out to cease to exist, disappear

date back to/from to have existed since

pass down to give or leave to people who are younger or come later

TEXT 9

TASK IV

A poll yesterday showed that 40 per cent of the electorate has not read it and it is likely it could fail to pass out of confusion, although most voters, when told what it means, back it.

UNIT IV

PARLIAMENT

TEXT 1

TASK I

To grant/ to give Aid; to meet expenses; to persuade barons; to get one’s assent;

to summon barons/knights; to hold Parliament; to deal with emergency.

TASK V

1) to be the sudden cause of (a usu. unpleasant feeling or action); - to provoke;

2) to call together for a meeting;- to convoke;

3) to call or bring into use or operation: (to invoke the authority of the court; invoke the Fifth Amendment);- to invoke;

4) to annul by taking back: (to revoke an offer); - to revoke;

5) to produce or to call up (a memory or feeling). - to evoke

TEXT 2

TASK III

Were summoned; went on, had appeared; be considered; approved; being considered; was made; emanated; starting; giving; increasing; were granted; stipulated; securing.

TEXT 3

TASK I

1) powerful, useful, forceful, skillful, lawful, purposeful, rightful;

2) influential, functional, commercial, original, official, pyramidal, judicial;

3) theoretical, monarchical, systematical, practical, historical, periodical;

4) wealthy;

5) customary, parliamentary;

6) favorable, reasonable;

7) bodily, kingly;

8) basic;

9) decisive.

TASK II

Roughly – approximately; originally – initially; allegiance – loyalty; evolve – develop; derive from – originate from; inheritance – succession; the realm – the kingdom; main – major.

TASK III

Simplify – complicate; the rise – the fall; descendants – ancestors; superior – inferior; separate – mixed; reject – approve; the beginning – the end; the majority – the minority.

.

TASK V

1) that; 2) which; 3) which; 4) who; 5) which; 6) which; that; 7) that

TEXT 4

TASK IV

1) legislate; 2) successive; 3) legislature; 4) succeed; 5) executive; 6) summoned; 7) summons; 8) void; 9) binding; 10) legalized.

TASK V

1. компетенция; 2. орган власти; 3. местные органы власти; 4. прецедент; 5. предписание; 6. местные отделы образования; 7. соответствующий орган; 8. юрисдикция; 9. лица, облеченные властью; 10. на основании полномочий.

TASK VI

1. authority; 2. organization; 3. a large amount; 4. organ; 5. corpse; 6. the main part; 7. legal body.

TEXT 5

TASK III

1) of; of; 2) of; by;of; for; for; under; 3) into; 4)over; of; of; for; in; 5) forward; of; to; of; 6) by /in; in; 7) by; of; in.

TASK VI

1. power; 2. adult; 3. represent; 4. legislature; 5. initiate; 6. application;7. member; 8. execute; 9. nation; 10 temporary. – PARLIAMENT!

TEXT 6

TASK II

1) adjourned 2) prorogued; 3) adjourned; 4) prorogued.

TASK VI

developed;increased; are exercised; include; choosing; sustaining; supplying; authorizing; supervising; debating; govern; checks; controls; approves; amends; criticizes; vetoes.

TEXT 9

TASK II

1) parliamentary procedure; 2) parliamentary control; 3) parliamentary privilege; 4) parliamentary majority; 5) parliamentary committees; 6) parliamentary business; 7) parliamentary privilege; 8) parliamentary timetable; 9) parliamentary commissioner.

TASK VI

1. virtual; 2. partisan; 3. implement; 4. frontbench; 5. backbench; 6. evict; 7. be entitled; 8. descendant

UNIT V

THE EXECUTIVE

TEXT I

TASK I:

1) democratic government; 2) effective government; 3) new government; 4) Government intervention; successive Governments 5) Government functions; Government activities; Government departments; 6) Government departments; 7) central Government; 8) Her Majesty’s Government; 9) government policy; 10) Government bills.

TASK IV

1) government; 2) government; 3) Parliament; 4) government; 5) government; 6) government; 7) Parliament; 8) Parliament; 9) government; 10) Parliament; 11) government; 12) government; 13) Parliament; 14) Parliament; 15) government;16) Parliament; 17)Parliament; 18) Parliament; 19) government; 20) Parliament; 21) Parliament; 22)Parliament.

TASK V

1) the Government; 2) the Cabinet; 3)the Government; 4) the Cabinet; 5) the Government; 6) the Cabinet; 7) Cabinet, government, the executive.

TEXT 2.

TASK III

1. of; by.

2. to; with; of; during

3. from; in; of

4. of; to; with; by

5. by; for; upon; in.

TEXT 3

TASK II

Means; is divided; work; are expected; does not involve; is called; are not allowed; is intended; relied; has been shown; have had; are not involved; were; were employed.

TEXT 4

TASK III

1) government; 2) government; 3) State; 4) Governments; 5) state; 6) state; 7) government; government; 8) state; 9) government; 10) state; 11) states; 12) government.

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