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Andrea De Lucia, Vincenzo Deufemia, Carmine Gravino *, Michele Risi
Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Universita di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 23 October 2008
Received in revised form 5 February 2009
Accepted 5 February 2009
Available online 20 February 2009
What is an abstract? How long should it be?
There are four main types of abstracts, all of which summarize the highlights of
your research and all of which will be judged in isolation from the accompanying
paper (if there is one). Abstracts are sometimes called Summaries.
Abstracts are found before a full article in a journal, standalone in databases of
abstracts, and in conference programs.
u n s t r u c t u r e d a b s t r a c t
A single paragraph of between 100-250 words containing a very brief summary of each of the" main sections of your paper
s t r u c t u r e d a b s t r a c t
The same as (1) but divided into several short sections.
e x t e n d e d a b s t r a c t
A mini paper organized in the same way as a full paper (e.g. Introduction, Methods, Discussion...), but substantially shorter (two to four pages). Depending on the journal, conference or competition, the extended abstract may or may not include an abstract - for example, it may begin directly with an introduction
c o n f e r e n c e a b s t r a c t
Normally a standalone abstract (sometimes up to 500 words), designed to help conference organizers to decide whether they would like you lo make an oral presentation at their conference (Sect. 12.13). It may be of any of the three forms above.
The type of abstract you choose and the format to use will depend on the journal or conference. Make sure you read their instructions to authors before you begin writing.
How should I write the Abstract?
It is common practice to write the abstract of the paper when the rest of the article has been finished. However, the draft of the abstract is to be written before the article.
While writing an abstract the author should answer the following questions:
• Why did I carry out this project? Why am I writing this paper?
• What did I do, and how?
• What were my results? What was new compared to previous research?
• What are the implications of my findings? What are my conclusions and/or
recommendations?
There are four possible styles for writing abstracts and papers:
STYLE I I found that x = y.
STYLE 2 We found that x = y.
STYLE 3 It was found that x = y.
STYLE 4 The authors found that x = y.
The most commonly used tenses in abstracts are:
the p r e s e n t s i m p l e (we show) and
the p a s t simple (we showed).
The present perfect (we have shown)
The link words are very important in the abstract. The most frequently used are however, otherwise, instead, moreover, also, in this paper, consequently.
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