I. Read the text to get the general understanding of it.

Anna, Empress of Russia, second daughter of Tsar Ivan V, Peter the Great’s imbecile brother, and Praskovia Saltykova. Her girlhood was passed at Ismailovo near Moscow, with her mother. Peter acted as a second father to the Ivanovs, as Praskovia and her family were called. In 1710 he married Anne to Frederick William, Duke of Courland, who died of surfeit on his journey home from St. Petersburg. The reluctant young widow was ordered to proceed on her way to Mittau to take over the government of Courland, with the Russian resident, Count Peter Bestuzhev, as her adviser.

It was therefore with joy that she at once accepted the Russian crown, as the next heir, after the death of Peter II, when it was offered to her by the members of the supreme privy council, even going so far as to subscribe previously nine articles which would have reduced her from an absolute to a very limited monarch. On the 26th of February she made her public entry into Moscow under strict surveillance.

On the 8th of March a coup d’état, engineered by a party of her personal friends, overthrew the supreme privy council and she was hailed as autocrat. Her government, on the whole, was prudent, beneficial and even glorious; but it was undoubtedly severe and became at last universally unpopular, this was due in the main to the outrageous insolence of her all-powerful favourite Biren, who hated the Russian nobility and trampled upon them mercilessly. Fortunately, Biren was sufficiently prudent not to meddle with foreign affairs or with the army and these departments in the able hands of two other foreigners, who thoroughly identified themselves with Russia, Andrei Osterman and Burkhardt Münnich did great things in the reign of Anne.

The chief political events of the period were the War of the Polish Succession and the second Crimean War. The former was caused by the reappearance of Stanislaus Leszczynski as a candidate for the Polish throne after the death of Augustus II. The interests of Russia would not permit her to recognize a candidate dependent directly on France and indirectly upon Sweden and Turkey, all three powers being at that time opposed to Russia's “system.” She accordingly united with Austria to support the candidature of the late king’s son, Augustus of Saxony, later installed as Augustus III.

Much more important was the Crimean War of 1736–39. This war marks the beginning of that systematic struggle on the part of Russia to recover her natural and legitimate southern boundaries. It lasted four years and a half, and cost her a hundred thousand men and millions of rubles; and though invariably successful, she had to be content with the acquisition of a single city (Azov) with a small district at the mouth of the Don. Yet more had been gained than was immediately apparent. In the first place, this was the only war hitherto waged by Russia against Turkey which had not ended in crushing disaster. In the second place the Tatar hordes had been nearly exterminated. In the third place Russia’s signal and unexpected successes in the Steppe had immensely increased her prestige on the continent.

The last days of Anne were absorbed by the endeavor to strengthen the position of the heir to the throne, the baby tsarevich Ivan, afterwards Tsar Ivan VI, the son of the empress’s niece, Anna Leopoldovna, against the superior claims of her cousin the cesarevna Elizabeth. The empress herself died three months later (28th of October 1740). Her last act was to appoint Biren regent during the infancy of her great-nephew.

Anna was a grim, sullen woman, frankly sensual, but as well-meaning as ignorance and vindictiveness would allow her to be. But she had much natural good sense, was a true friend and, in her more cheerful moments, an amiable companion. Lady Rondeau's portrait of the empress shows her to the best advantage. She is described as a large woman, towering above all the cavaliers of her court, but very well shaped for her size, easy and graceful in her person, of a majestic bearing, but with awfulness in her countenance which revolted those who disliked her.

II. Find the words in the text which describe or mean the following:

1) overindulgence, esp in eating or drinking

2) not eager; unwilling; disinclined

3) to advance or carry on, esp after stopping

4) to make or become smaller in size, number, extent, degree, intensity, etc

5) close observation or supervision maintained over a person, group, etc

6) to greet, esp enthusiastically; to acknowledge

7) reasonable, sensible

8) rude and not showing any respect behavior

9) to violate so as to hurt

10) to interfere annoyingly

11) to allow the possibility

12) to find again or obtain the return of (something lost)

13) the act of acquiring or gaining possession

14) to destroy completely

15) an effort to do or attain something

16) lack of knowledge, information, or education

17) the quality of being revengeful

18) the face, esp when considered as expressing a person's character or mood

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14