Ecologic problems of energy, n.d.

Another major area of ​​solar energy associated with living (primarily plant) organisms. Autotrophic organisms assimilate annually as a result of photosynthesis are about 200 billion tons of carbon, turning it into organic compounds. The total energy content of the biomass formed during this March 1021 is estimated at J. This value is about 10 times the annual global energy consumption and 200 times more than the energy content of food annually consumed by mankind. Photosynthetic efficiency in terms of the transformation of solar energy is very low, with an average of 0.1 % of the theoretical value (equal to 15 %). However, there are plants that use one or even 3 % of the solar energy (some plants in the north). So that there are huge opportunities for breeders (It's a reserve of food!). Total amount of solar radiation energy gets my Earth for the year, more than 20,000 times higher than the current level of global energy production.

Proportion of vegetable biomass in global energy consumption still relatively low and is about 8 % of the total amount of fuel consumed in the world. However, for developing countries, biomass plants, ie firewood and combustible waste from agriculture and forestry, are extremely important and are currently the main sources of energy. In developing countries, the share of biological energy sources (mainly wood) accounted for 68% of the energy produced in the countries of the Far East region (excluding Japan) - 50%. In the European Economic Community plant biomass is a source of 1% of the energy produced, which is equivalent to but, however, consumption of about 100 million tons of oil per year. By the end of the twentieth century in these countries was planned to increase the proportion of energy derived from biomass, to 5%. In the U.S., the share of energy from fuel to grow vegetable origin, is 3% of the total balance of energy production and has been steadily increasing.

Increased interest in the plant sources of fuel in developed countries is due not only to the appreciation of oil and its products, but also with increasing the efficiency of energy use in use wood stoves. Improving the design of furnaces has increased the efficiency of their use to 30-80%. One to increased dramatically while the cost, so the developing countries are hitherto mainly older furnaces samples having 06.08 % efficiency.

Fuel burning plant in household stoves - is not the only method of processing biomass synthesized or formed in the result of the activity of living organisms (Table 15.2). Prospects for the use of various methods of processing biomass evaluated differently in different countries and op mined by climatic conditions and the availability of other sources of energy. In general, a number of countries: Australia, Brazil, China, India, Russia, the U.S. and other developed special government programs for the use of biomass as an energy source. For example, in Brazil, is currently about 28 % of the produced energy is generated from biomass. Basically, it is the biomass of sugarcane, which is a result of microbiological transformations obtained ethyl alcohol vy. Every year in this country receive 6-7 billion liters of alcohol ta used as fuel, primarily for cars. As such, ethanol has a great advantage over gasoline: it has an extremely high octane number, thereby eliminating the need for ethylation - adding fuel to the toxic components (such as tetraethyl lead).

Currently in the U.S. and Europe are actively being established for the production of ethanol from grain cars. Similar production, and for the same purpose, it runs in Russia. But the problem in the grain, the price of which has increased sharply. But this is the main source of food! Directly baking bakery products or for animal feed in the production of meat.

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