Theory of translation 2nd lecture

The scheme is called dynamic equivalence. Here the following points are included:

languages and extra linguistic situation (culture, object-situation and communicative situation).

Let’s analyze the following example:

Lady: “Who told you I was here?

R: You had just left when I called on at Claridge’s. (here you may have some problems, translating the word “Claridge’s”)

The translation is a two phased process of interlinguistic and intercultural communication, where the second text (translated text) must substitute the first one in a new language and culture.

The main types of translation.

We have two classifications:

1) genre-stylistic

2) psycholinguistic

Genre-stylistic classification contains literary and informative types. Literary translation has the main aim as esthetic. The esthetic effect should be equal in both languages, that’s why we can deal with divergences.

e.g.// The mountain tops were hidden in a grey waste of sky. “Верхушки гор тонули в синем небе”

another example// Ginny looked out on to a back street.

Informative translation has the main function as informative. Here scientific, social and some every-day texts can be found.

Psycholinguistic conception of translation. This conception is based on the types of reception. There are two main types of translation:

1) interpretation

2) the translation itself

Interpretation is used when two texts are not fixed.

Interpretation: simultaneous, subsequent.

The main differences between written and oral translation:

1) time

2) different speech patterns under translation (the amount of the texts may be different)

3) relations between the participants of communication

Besides, we have two additional types of translations:

1) whispering

2) two-sides translation

Subsequent interpretation consists of the following stages:

1) listening

2) selecting of key information (invariant units = main information)

3) fixing of information (cutting down on the amount of vowels) (The symbols we use should be economical, universal and clear) (symbols:

4) creation of the new text

The method used in interpretation is based on the switching skill. The skill can be used in the limits of a certain semantic structure and the direction is from the native language to the foreign one.

Before interpretation the text should be transformed:

1) lexical transformation

2) grammatical transformation (word order, from passive into active, substitution of complex constructions with the simple ones)

3) speech compression.

The 20^th of October 2015 (The 3^rd lecture)

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There are two sheets of paper s1 and s2. On the next lecture we have to complete s1. There are 9 sentences, which we have to translate using transformation. There are three types of transformation presented in the task*/

Equivalence.

Ideal (potential) equivalence – the highest level of equivalence, that is theoretically possible to achieve.

Real equivalence – real community of two contexts.

è First type (level) of equivalence.

The message of the text is based on communicative aim.

e.g. “May be there is some chemistry on us that doesn’t mix” «Мы не сошлись характерами»

e.g. “A rolling stone gathers no moss”

The following indications between two languages can be observed:

1) The same communicative aim.

2) No common object-situation.

3) No common vocabulary, syntax and grammar.

è The second level of equivalents

Here we have the same object-situation.

The following indications are characteristic for the second type of equivalence:

1) the same communicative aim.

2) the same object-situation

3) different ways of describing

e.g. He answered the phone. = Он снял трубку = example of second level of equivalence.

The third level of equivalence (is quite similar to the fourth level of equivalence)

For this type of translation the following indications are presented:

1) the same communicative situation

2) the same object-situation

3) a certain degree of community between two languages (more than 3 divergences. The following types of variations can be found:

1) The level of detailed elaboration (степень детализации понятий)

2) The way of joining indications in the sentence. e.g. “HE was thin and tentative (неуверенный) when he gave me a paper.“

3) direction of relations

4) distribution of indications e.g. “Remarkable constitution and lets you see it, great yachtsman “Выдающийся яхтсмен прекрасно выглядит и умеет это показать”

The fourth type of equivalence (Almost pure translation)

The following indications can be observed:

1) the same communicative situation

2) the same object-situation

3) less than three divergences

The following types of variations can be found:

1) From the passive voice into the active voice

2) Change of word order

3) Different types of relations (number of sentences)

Open flew the gate and in came the coach. (This sentence includes inversion) «Ворота открылись настежь, и карета влетела во двор»

The fifth level of equivalence (word by word translation)

When we deal with this type of translation all three meanings of the words should coincide:

1) denotative

2) connotative (emotional, stylistic and associative)

3) intralinguistic

e.g. “to dine with Duke Kumphrey” = «голодать»

- Am I late?

- Not you. She is. // у слова late два значения – первое «опоздать», второе «умерший»

27/10/2015 The 4^th lecture

Realities (реалии)

Realities are things that don’t exist in one of the languages.

There are different types of realities:

1) ethnographical

2) names

3) historical realities and places

Three methods are used:

1) transcription (transliteration) e.g. колхозник = “kolhoznik”

2) transformation e.g. “100 пудов” = “absolutely”

3) description

We have two types of names:

1) normal name

2) speaking name

If we deal with a new place and it is not described anywhere, we just have to transcript it.

In historical realities there are two types of papers:

1) archaic

2) archaist

Grammatical peculiarities (Грамматические особенности)

1) derivatives (производные слов, e.g. teach+er = teacher)

2) transformation e.g. He is a muster = Он очень ответственный человек.

3) converted words (переход части речи) e.g. “to look” and “a look”

4) compounds = сложные слова

- >motivated compounds – calque e.g. skyscraper = небоскреб

- >non-motivated e.g. half-pay = офицер в отставке

- >occasional compounds = words, which were made up by someone e.g. Are you a has-been a might-have-been or a never-was? “Вы человек, придерживающийся старых взглядов, неудачник или вообще никто?”

-> shortenings and abbreviations

1) fixed shortenings and abbreviations (USA, UK, UNESCO)

2) descriptive method of translation

3) transliteration (e.g. BBC, Interpol, FIAT)

4) transfer of abbreviation (e.g., BC, AD)

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