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The compound sentence................................................................................................... 332
§ 1. General notion.................................................................................................... 332
§ 2. Types of coordination......................................................................................... 332
The complex sentence....................................................................................................... 334
§ 3. General notion.................................................................................................... 334
§ 4. Subject clauses..................................................................................................... 336
§5. Predicative clauses.............................................................................................. 337
§ 6. Object clauses...................................................................................................... 338
§ 7. Attributive clauses............................................................................................... 340
§ 8. Attributive relative clauses................................................................................ 340
§ 9. Attributive appositive clauses........................................................................... 342
§ 10. The use of relative pronouns in attributive relative clauses....................... 342
§ 11. Adverbial clauses............................................................................................ 344
§ 12. Adverbial clauses of time............................................................................... 345
§ 13. Adverbial clauses of place............................................................................... 346
§ 14. Adverbial clauses of cause............................................................................... 347
§ 15. Adverbial clauses of purpose........................................................................... 347
§ 16. Adverbial clauses of condition........................................................................ 348
§ 17. Adverbial clauses of concession..................................................................... 348
§ 18. Adverbial clauses of result............................................................................... 349
§ 19. Adverbial clauses of manner............................................................................ 349
§ 20. Adverbial clauses of comparison.................................................................... 350
§ 21. Polysemantic conjunctions............................................................................... 350
The compound-complex sentence............................................................... 351
Parenthetical clauses.................................................................... 351
Chapter XVIII. The Sequence of Tenses
§1. Definition.............................................................................................................. 352
§2-5. General rules...................................................................................................... 353
§ 6. Tenses in English and in Russian....................................................................... 354
§ 7. Tenses in object clauses...................................................................................... 355
§ 8. Tenses in conventional direct speech............................................................... 355
§ 9. Tenses in attributive relative clauses and adverbial clauses of cause,
result, comparison, and concession................................................................ 355
§ 10. Tenses in subject clauses and predicative clauses....................................... 356
Chapter XIX. Indirect Speech
§ 1-2. General remarks................................................................................................ 357
§3. Indirect statements............................................................................................... 363
§ 4. Indirect questions................................................................................................. 365
§ 5. Indirect orders and requests............................................................................... 366
§ 6. Indirect offers, suggestions, and advice.......................................................... 368
§ 7. Indirect exclamations.......................................................................................... 369
§ 8. Greetings and leave-taking................................................................................. 369
Chapter XX. Punctuation
§ 1. General remarks................................................................................................... 371
The simple sentence............................................................................................................ 371
§2. Homogeneous members...................................................................................... 371
§ 3. Detached members............................................................................................... 372
§ 4. Parenthetical words, groups of words, and clauses....................................... 373
§ 5. Inteijections......................................................................................................... 374
§ 6. Nouns in address.................................................................................................. 374
The compound sentence.................................................................................................... 374
§ 7. Coordinate clauscs joined asyndetically.......................................................... 374
§ 8. Coordinate clauses joined by copulative conjunctions................................. 375
§ 9. Coordinate clauses joined by disjunctive conjunctions................................ 375
§ 10. Coordinate clauses joined by adversative conjunctions............................. 376
§11. Clauses joined by causative-consecutive conjunctions and
conjunctive adverbs.......................................................................................... 376
§ 12. Sentence containing direct speech................................................................ 377
The complex sentence....................................................................................................... 378
§ 13. Subject clauses.................................................................................................. 378
§ 14. Predicative clauses.......................................................................................... 378
§ 15. Object clauses.................................................................................................... 378
§ 16. Attributive clauses............................................................................................ 379
§ 17. Adverbial clauses.............................................................................................. 379
§ 18. Complex sentences consisting of two or more homogeneous
clauses................................................................................................................. 380
§ 19. Declarative non-exclamatory sentences........................................................ 380
§ 20. Sentences expressing a question..................................................................... 380
§21. Exclamatory sentences.................................................................................... 381
§ 22. Unfinished sentences........................................................................................ 381
Foreword
The book A Grammar of the English Language has enjoyed several editions and has been widely used for teaching grammar at many universities and pedagogical institutes of the former USSR, and later Russia. The book was written by seven authors, one of whom was my mother — Elena Vasiliyevna Prokofiyeva, who died very early in her life. It is to her memory that I would like, first of all, to dedicate my revision of this book. I also wish to express my esteem and accountability to the other authors concerned in its original conception.
I feel it is my duty and responsibility to help this book continue its life, for it can rightly be called one of the best textbooks in grammar ever written for students. In a very compact and logical form it provides a profound and detailed description of the grammatical system of the English language.
The object of this book is to give a course in English grammar to students specializing in the English language.
The book includes Accidence, i. e. the parts of speech and morphological categories, and Syntax, i. e. the sentence and the parts of the sentence. The rules are illustrated by examples taken from English and American authors of the 19th and 20th centuries. Some examples from modern dictionaries are also included in this edition.
Exercises on all topics covered in the manual are published in a separate volume, arranged in accordance with the chapters of the present book.
In the course of the years that have passed since the book was written, some changes have taken place in the English language. These concern, for example, the usage of the auxiliary verbs shall and will, the usage of the auxiliary verb do with the notional verb have, the shades in the meaning of some modal verbs, the use of some pronouns, etc. Changes in terminology have also occurred, for example, the term 'phrasal verbs' is by far more frequent than the term 'composite verbs' and 'exclamation mark' is used instead of'exclamation note'. And, it goes without saying, that there have been changes in the theory of the language.
I did not consider it my purpose to introduce considerable changes to the book. My basic objective was to bring it up to date by making necessary amendments. These tend to reflect the changes in the language rather than in the concept of syntax, which basically remains intact in this edition.
Elizaveta V. Ivanova
Introduction
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