III. Complete the table to characterize the era of the Renaissance. Use information from text ___ of

TEXT 25

Renaissance

The name ‘Renaissance’ is given to the revival of learning. It began in Italy and slowly spread throughout Europe effecting England in the 15th and 16th centuries. A spirit of inquiry and experiment developed.

The spirit of humanism spread with the wave of "Modern learning" and classical liberalism. Every aspect of the ‘human person’ was studied in depth. The medieval Church had discouraged progressive ideas on human affairs, and had strongly supported self-repression and asceticism.

In the Middle Ages learning and culture were sectarian as the Christian church had dominance in the fields of art, science and letters. As a popular secular movement, the Renaissance helped to promote a spirit of individualism. At a certain point in time it also assumed the character of a revolt against the ecclesiastical monopoly on life and culture, thus, freeing the latter from the vicious hold of the church.

Slowly the feudalism of the middle ages began to give way to absolute monarchies in Europe. The invention of gunpowder deprived the nobles of their privileged position. Previously they were called upon to lend political or military support to the king in time of crises. With the modern discoveries and inventions in the area of sciences even the political stage underwent a remarkable change. Kings gradually began to absorb the political power so far exercised by the nobles. They could now establish a centralized government in most provinces to wield to authority.

The spirit of nationalism also started to grow along with the rise of monarchies. The ‘voice’ of the common man was now more clear and effective. A sense of unity among people started to develop. But the roots of class formation also took place; in which common people began opposing class interests. Many small and big groups and associations in Europe combined their interests with that of the nations and their interests became national.

The impact of geographical discoveries that had far-reaching effects on the minds and hearts of the people as their life underwent complete changes in their socio-economic and political aspect.

With the invention of the modern printing technique a revolution in learning and writing was caused in Europe. Paper was introduced and affordable books were printed in Europe. Now even a lay person in Europe could get knowledge about modern learning and ideas. Besides these, even the ‘Holy Bible’ was translated by these thinkers in many local languages of Europe. As a result, religious texts became accessible to lay persons without the help of the priests. The supremacy of the Church reduced and people were made to think in the light of modern developments. This created a lasting impression on the minds of the people.

The era of the Renaissance is well associated with the achievements in the field of art, literature, music, architecture and painting.

The main area where the effect was noticed was in the intellectual area which was the root of the changes and which impacted other areas. As the discoveries expanded the learning and knowledge of the world the outlook and the attitude of men changed. When the ideas of the New World influenced the Europeans the effects were seen in their understandings of the human kind. The spirit of learning and inquiry brought revolutionary changes in the lives of the people throughout Europe.

During the Renaissance period many positive developments took place in Europe, especially in England. With the rise of the Tudors in England and the advent of the Renaissance there, a new era began in the history of England.

The Roman Church started to loosen its grip over the people. The English people now became more united and trusted their own Church. A spirit of nationalism spread all over England. The English language, literature and people were now becoming more distinctive.

As far the Religious field was concerned, it was during the reign of the Tudors that the country was divided between the Catholics and the Protestants. The foundation of national religion was laid.

III. Complete the table to characterize the era of the Renaissance. Use information from text ___ of

Renaissance
Learning and culture in the Early Middle Ages: 1) _________________ were discouraged; 2) _________________ were supported; 3) ________ had dominance in the fields of art, science and letters.	“Renaissance” means: 1) the revival of _______; 2) promoting the spirit of ________; 3) a revolt against ____________________.
The era of the Renaissance is associated with some social and political changes: 1) a sense of _______________; 2) the spirit of ___________; 3) _____________ in the lives of the people throughout Europe; 4) common people began ________________; 5) the roots of __________________ took place; 6) establishment of a ________ government in most provinces; 7) the supremacy of the Church _________.	The era of the Renaissance is associated with some cultural changes: 1) the achievements in the fields of __________________________; 2) the invention of _________________; 3) a revolution in __________________; 4) spreading literacy became possible due to: _____; 5) ___________ could get knowledge about modern learning and ideas; 6) the ‘Holy Bible’ ___________________.

Key:

Renaissance
Learning and culture in the Early Middle Ages: 1) progressive ideas on human affairs were discouraged; 2) self-repression and asceticism were supported; 3) the Christian church had dominance in the fields of art, science and letters.	“Renaissance” means: 1) the revival of learning; 2) promoting the spirit of humanism, individualism; 3) a revolt against the ecclesiastical monopoly on life and culture.
The era of the Renaissance is associated with some social and political changes: 1) a sense of unity among people; 2) the spirit of nationalism; 3) revolutionary changes in the lives of the people throughout Europe; 4) common people began opposing class interests; 5) the roots of class formation also took place; 6) establishment of a centralized government in most provinces; 7) the supremacy of the Church reduced.	The era of the Renaissance is associated with some cultural changes: 1) the achievements in the fields of art, literature, music, architecture and painting; 2) the invention of the modern printing technique; 3) a revolution in learning and writing; 4) spreading literacy became possible due tothe use of paper and printing technique; 5) a lay person in Europe could get knowledge about modern learning and ideas; 6) the ‘Holy Bible’ was translated by thinkers in many local languages of Europe.

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