v Introduction

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Research Question

Analysing the side physiological effects of microgravity on bones and muscles as one of the main problems of long time space journeys. Suggesting probable solutions and evaluating their effectiveness.

v Introduction

General statement(s): There is a large number of unsolved problems with long term space flight performance. One of them is the side effect of microgravity on human body.

Background information? Adaptation to space conditions may have effects on astronauts body, which may cause problems both in space or on Earth. (European Space Agency, 2012)

Source(s): European Space Agency. (15.11.2012). Living in Space. Available: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Living_in_space. Last accessed 30th July 2013.

Definition: Microgravity is general knowledge. It means lack of gravity, so-called zero-gravity.

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v Body Paragraph 1 → (Describing microgravity problem in greater detail.)

Main idea (Topic sentence): Indeed, microgravity affects almost on every part of human body -bone and muscles, cardio-vascular and fluid circulation systems, vestibular system are most affected.

Supporting detail 1: Measures conducted in ISS (International Space Station) and Russian MIR station shows the pace of bone and muscular atrophy.

Example: According to the research there is a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and

Muscle power and volume.

Source(s): R. Dana Carpenter, Ph.D., Thomas F. Lang, Ph.D., Susan A. Bloomfield, Ph.D., Jacob J. Bloomberg, Ph.D., Stefan Judex, Ph.D., Joyce H. Keyak, Ph.D., Ronald J. Midura, Ph.D., Paola Divieti Pajevic,M.D., Ph.D.⁷, Jordan M. Spatz⁷ (2010). Effects of Long-Duration Spaceflight, Microgravity, and Radiation on the Neuromuscular, Sensorimotor, and Skeletal Systems. Journal of Cosmology. 12 (1), 3778-3780.

Supporting detail 2: Microgravity affects on our vestibulary system.

Example: It may cause deorientation during re-adaptation period on Earth.

Source(s): ttp://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Living_in_space. Last accessed 30th July 2013.

v Body Paragraph 2 → (traditional countermeasures.)

Main idea (Topic sentence): Artificial gravity shall be considered as one of countermeasures against microgravity.

Supporting detail 1: Artificial gravity can decrease bone and muscle loss.

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Supporting detail 2: Artificial gravity is beneficial for cardio-vascular system and for fluid distribution

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v Body Paragraph 3 → (name of paragraph: Evaluation 1.)

Main idea (Topic sentence): Possibility of replication of microgravity has very high cost and technologically very hard to perform.

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v Body Paragraph 4 → (Traditional countermeasures based on preventing effects. Exercises)

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Body Paragraph 5 → (name of paragraph: Devices)

Main idea (Topic sentence): There is various types of devices used have been used in USSR and Russia since the beginning of ‘Salut’ space programme.

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v Body Paragraph 6 → (name of paragraph: Evaluation of devices efficiency)

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