Pejorationsee degradation.

Phrase (syn. collocation, word-combination, word-group) — a lexical unit comprising more than one word, e.g. to go to school, a red apple, etc.

Kinds of phrases: adjectival, e.g. rich in gold, etc., nominal, e.g. a blue sky, Jack of all trades, etc., verbal, e.g. to go to school, to cry over spilt milk, etc, free, e.g. green leaves -yellow leaves - dry leaves, etc., motivated, e.g. fine weather, to play the piano, etc., non-motivated, e.g. red tape, by hook or by crook, etc.

Phraseology — a branch of linguistics studying set-phrases — phraseological units of all kinds.

Phraseological collocations (combinations) — motivated phraseological units made up of words possessing specific lexical valency which accounts for a certain degree of stability and strictly limited variability of member-words, e.g. to hear a grudge or to bear a malice, to win the race, to gain access, etc.

Phraseological fusions (idioms) — completely non-motivated invariable phraseological units whose meaning has no connection whatsoever (at least synchronically) with the meaning of the components (i.e. it cannot be deduced from the knowledge of components), e.g. to pay through the nose (to pay a high price); red tape (bureaucratic methods), etc.

Phraseological units (syn. set expressions, fixed combinations, units of fixed context, idioms) are partially motivated (or non-motivated) word-groups that cannot be freely made up in speech but are reproduced as ready-made units.

Phraseological unities — partially non-motivated phraseological units whose meaning can usually be perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the whole unit, e.g. to know the way the wind blows, to show one's teeth, to make a mountain out of a mole-hill, etc.

Polymorphic — having two or more morphemes, e.g. inseparable, boyishness, impossibility, etc.

Polysemantic words — having more than one meaning, e.g. board, power, case, etc.

Polysemy — plurality of meanings, i.e. co-existence of the various meanings of the same word and the arrangement of these meanings in…..

Prefix — a derivational affix (morpheme) placed before the stem, e.g. un- (unkind), mis- (misuse), etc.

Kinds of prefixes: borrowed, e.g. re-, ex-, sub-, ultra-, поп-, etc, native, e.g. un-, under-, after-, etc.; non-productive (unproductive),. e.g. in- (П-, im-, ir-), etc, productive, e.g. un-, de-, поп-, etc.

Prefixation — the formation of words with the help of prefixes. It is productive in Modern English especially so in verbs and adjective word-formation.

Productive affixes— affixes which participate in the formation of. new words, in neologisms in particular, i.e. which are often used to form new words. Opposite non-productive (unproductive).

Productivity — the ability of a given affix to form new words.

Proverb — a sentence expressing popular wisdom, a truth or a moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way, e.g. a friend in need is a friend indeed, while there is life there is hope, make hay while the sun shines, etc.

R

Radiation — a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays, e.g. face, power, piece, etc.

Reduplication — a method of forming compounds by the repetition of the same root, e.g. to pooh-pooh, goody-goody, etc.

Reduplicative compound — a compound formed with the help of reduplication, e.g. tick-tick, hush-hush, etc.

Referent (denotatum) — the part (aspect) of reality to which the linguistic sign refers (objects, actions, qualities), etc.

Referential approach to meaning — the school of thought which seeks to formulate the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between the word (sound-form), the concept (reference) underlying this form and the actual referent.

Referential meaning (denotational) meaning — denoting, or referring to something, either by naming it (John, boy, red, arrive, with, if), or by pointing it out (be this so).

Root (morpheme) – the primary elements of the word conveying the fundamental lexical meaning (e.g. the lexical neucleus of the word) common to a set of semantically related words constituting one word family, e.g. speak, speaker, speech, spoken.

S

Semantic — relating to meaning, dealing with meaning in language.

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