Glossary. Translation studies.

Translation – the expression in one language (TL) of what has been expressed in another (SL), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. = the process or result of converting information from TL into SL, the aim being to reproduce all grammatical and lexical features of the ST by finding equivalents in the TL; at the same time all factual information contained in the ST must be retained in the translation (such oral rendering is referred to as interpreting or seldom interpretation).

Translating - the process (the activity rather than the tangible object)

A translation - the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translated text)

Translation - the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process.

R.Jacobson:

Intralingual translation (rewording) - an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language;

Interlingual translation (translation proper) - an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language;

Intersemiotic translation (transmutation) - an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems.

«Interpretation» is synonymous to «translation» and is used to denote the way or manner of presenting the idea of the work in translation orally (as well as its aesthetic, religious, political, pragmatic background and other qualitative characteristics of the work under translation).

«Faithful translation» – used to denote the highest level/degree of rendering the denotative or connotative meanings of words, the sense of word-groups and sentences, the content, the expressiveness, picturesqueness and the pragmatic subtext/intention of passages or works of the source language with the help of the available means of the target language.

«Equivalent translation» - is nowadays practically used in the same meaning as «faithful translation» with one exception only: it also includes the necessity of quantitative and qualitative representation of all constitutive parts or elements of the source language units in the target language.

Unit of translation - the smallest segment of an utterance whose cohesion of signs is such that they must not be separately translated. (J.P.Vinay and J.Darbelnet)

Unit of translation - a minimal section of an utterance which can be interpreted simultaneously. (Yu.Stepanov)

Unit of translation - the smallest unit of the SL which has its correspondence in the TL; it may have a complicated structure but its elements, when taken separately are untranslatable. He singles out such units on the level of phonemes, morphemes, words, word combinations, sentences and texts. (L.Barkhudarov)

Unit of translation - a minimum unit of speech (i.e. a minimum segment of text) in the original, which raises a certain piece in the TT. (V.Komissarov)

Word - a minimum lineal unit of language, consisting of a certain number of distinct phonemes (given a big number of allophones) and can be pronounced separately from other similar units.

Literal translating - is to be employed when dealing with separate words whose surface form and structure, as well as their lexical meaning in the SL and in the TL, fully coincide.(administrator адміністратор, director директор)

· Transliteration – the orthographic form of the SL words is rendered: European – Європейський, stylized – стилізований, therapeutic – терапевтичний.

· Transcription – the acoustic form of the SL word is rendered: Shakespear – Шекспір, Byron – Байрон.

Verbal translating – is employed at the level of words, it never renders the orthographic or the sounding form, but their denotative meaning only: fearful – страшний, fearless – безстрашний. It cannot, however, provide a faithful conveying of sense/content at other than word level because it may violate the grammatical structure of the expression or sentence: to grow strong – *рости міцним!ставати дужим.

Word-for-word translation – presents a consecutive verbal translation at the level of word-groups and sentences. To achieve faithfulness various grammatical transformations are to be performed in the process of translation and in the translation itself word-for-word variants are to be corrected to avoid various grammatical violations: You are right to begin with - *Ви праві, щоб почати з!Почнемо з того, що ви праві.

Interlinear way of translating – translating is a con­ventional term for a strictly faithful rendering of sense expressed by sentences at the level of some text (a passage, a stanza, an excerpt of a work or a work itself). This method may be practically applied to all speech units translated orally. Faithfulness is often achieved through various transformations of structure of many sense units: Who took my book? - admits only one word-for-word variant, namely: Хто взяв мою книжку? (word-for-word), У кого моя книжка?Хто брав/узяв мою книжку? (interlinear).

Literary translating (l. proper and l. artistic) – represents the highest level of a translator’s activity. Depending on the type of the matter under translation, this method of performance may be either literary proper or literary artistic. LAT - presents a faithful conveying of content and of all artistic merits only of a fiction passage or work. LPT - is performed on any other than fiction passages: scientific or technical, didactic, business correspondence, the language of documents, epistolary texts, etc. Both provide an equivalent rendering not only of complete content but also of all stylistic peculiarities and artistic merits/beauty.

Internationalisms - such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language by at least three genealogically different languages in the same or similar lingual form and identical meaning (cf. долар, атом, інтерес, директор, база, стадіон, театр, фізика, etc.). International, however, may be not only words and phrases/word-groups, but also morphemes - prefixes, suf­fixes and even inflexions, root morphemes as the English or Ukrainian words fund фонд, gas ґаз, lord лорд, park парк, pound фунт, smog смоґ and many others.

Pseudointernationalisms - taking this into ac­count, lexemes like anti-trade, arch-enemy, inventor consisting of international affixes and having common root morphemes are to be treated as non-internationalisms.

Translation - the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). (Catford)

Translation shifts: (Catford)

Level shift - according to him are expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another. In theory there are 4 possible levels: grammar, lexis, phonology, graphology. But, in practice the only possible shifts in translation are from grammar to lexis, or vice versa.

Category shifts can be subdivided into 4 types. These are structural shifts (involve shift in grammatical structure), class shifts (comprise shifts from one part of speech to another), unit shifts or rank shifts (where translation equivalent in TL is at a different hierarchical linguistic unit of sentence) and intra-system shifts (taking place when the SL and TL possess approximately corresponding systems but where the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system).

Translation equivalence: (Popovič)

1. Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of both SL and TL texts, i.e. word for word translation.

2. Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of 'the elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis," i.e. elements of grammar, which Popovic sees as being a higher category than lexical equivalence.

3. Stylistic (translation) equivalence, where there is 'functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning.'

4. Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the syntagmatic structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape".

Neubert:

Communicants (persons and groups of people of a certain community who use a system code presenting a communicative value),

Formatives (elements and element combinations in specific structures which can be described from the point of view of phonology, morphology and syntax. They are produced and perceived by the speaker/writer and listener/reader respectively and build up the plan of expression of a language)

Reflections (abstract notions of the communicants about the reality that exists in its objective relations with all the processes alongside unceasing changes in it)

Objective reality (objects, phenomena, relations and processes that exist beyond our consciousness)

Idiomatic or phraseological expressions - structurally, lexi­cally and semantically fixed phrases or sentences having mostly the meaning, which is not made up by the sum of meanings of their com­ponent parts (Kunin).

Realia – mono- or polilexemic units the lexical meaning of which includes traditionally established complex of ethnocultural information which is alien to the objective reality of the TL and which is realised only within the limits of a binary opposition. e.g. дбати про скриню, запити могорич, подати рушники, на панщину ходити (гонити), піднести (дати) гарбуза. (R.Zorivchak)

Following ways of rendering realia:

Transcription is the most exact rendering of the sounding of a SL word by means of TL graphemes.

Transliteration is rendering of the spelling accordingly.

Hyperonimic renomination (or semantic adaptation by acad. V.Vinogradov; pars pro toto) is a lexical transformation, generalization which is rooted in the existence of interlingual universals.

Descriptive paraphrase is the creation of a descriptive equivalent in the TL to realia in the SL

Combined renomination most often is a transcription combined with a descriptive paraphrase (more seldom with the hyperonym).

Loan translation (calque) is applied to render the structural-semantic model of the SL component for component.

Transposition on the connotative level is applied when realia lose their denotative meaning altogether and perform their functions only on the connotative level.

Assimilation – rendering of semantico-stylistic functions of SL realia by TL realia.

Contextual explanation of realia – connected with the integrity of an artistic text.

Situational correspondence is an occasional correspondence the semantics of which has nothing to do with realia beyond the very context.

Translator’s transformations - the kind of major and minor alterations in the struc­tural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faith­fulness in translation.

---

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14