Part I introduction

И. Р. ГАЛЬПЕРИН

СТИЛИСТИКА

АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Москва «Высшая школа» 1981

CONTENTS

PART I INTRODUCTION.. 5

I. GENERAL NOTES ON STYLE AND Stylistics. 5

2. EXPRESSIVE MEANS (EM) AND STYLISTIC DEVICES (SD) 20

3. GENERAL NOTES ON FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF LANGUAGE. 27

4. VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE. 30

5. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LITERARY (STANDARD) LANGUAGE. 35

6. MEANING FROM A STYLISTIC POINT OF VIEW... 51

PART II STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY.. 62

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 62

2. NEUTRAL, COMMON LITERARY AND COMMON COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY 64

3. SPECIAL LITERARY VOCABULARY.. 67

a) Terms. 67

b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words. 70

c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words. 74

d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms. 78

e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) 83

4. SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY.. 95

a) Slang. 95

b) Jargonisms. 100

c) Professionalisms. 103

d) Dialectal words. 105

e) Vulgar words or vulgarisms. 108

f) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings) 109

PART Ш PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES. 112

GENERAL NOTES. 112

Onomatopoeia. 113

Alliteration. 114

Rhyme. 116

Rhythm.. 117

PART IV LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES. 123

A. INTENTIONAL MIXING OF THE STYLISTIC ASPECT OF WORDS. 123

B. INTERACTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEXICAL MEANING.. 126

1. INTERACTION OF PRIMARY DICTIONARY AND CONTEXTUALLY IMPOSED MEANINGS. 126

Metaphor 127

Metonymy. 131

Irony. 133

3. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND EMOTIVE MEANINGS. 139

Interjections and Exclamatory Words. 140

The Epithet 143

Oxymoron. 149

4. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND NOMINAL MEANINGS. 150

Antonomasia. 150

C. INTENSIFICATION OF A CERTAIN FEATURE OF A THING OR PHENOMENON 152

Simile. 153

Periphrasis. 155

Euphemism.. 159

Hyperbole. 161

D. PECULIAR USE OF SET EXPRESSIONS. 162

The Cliche. 163

Proverbs and Sayings. 166

Epigrams. 168

Allusions. 172

Decomposition of Set Phrases. 174

PART V SYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES. 175

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 175

B. PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE COMPOSITION OF SPANS OF UTTERANCE LARGER THAN THE SENTENCE. 177

Supra-Phrasal Units. 178

The Paragraph. 182

C. COMPOSITIONAL PATTERNS OF SYNTACTICAL ARRANGEMENT. 186

Stylistic Inversion. 187

Detached Construction. 189

Parallel Construction. 191

Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) 192

Repetition. 194

Enumeration. 198

Suspense. 200

Climax (Gradation) 201

Antithesis. 203

D. PARTICULAR WAYS OF COMBINING PARTS OF THE UTTERANCE (LINKAGE) 206

Asyndeton. 207

Polysyndeton. 208

The Gap- Sentence Link. 209

E. PARTICULAR USE OF COLLOQUIAL CONSTRUCTIONS. 211

Ellipsis. 212

Break-in-the-Narrative (Appsiopesis) 214

Question-in-the-Narrative. 215

Represented Speech. 217

a) Uttered Represented Speech. 219

b) Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech. 221

F. STYLISTIC USE OF STRUCTURAL MEANING.. 224

Rhetorical Questions. 224

Litotes. 226

PART VI FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 228

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 228

A. THE BELLES-LETTRES STYLE. 229

1. LANGUAGE OF POETRY.. 231

a) Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement 231

Metre and Line. 231

The Stanza. 236

Free Verse and Accented Verse. 239

b) Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse. 242

2. EMOTIVE PROSE. 248

3. LANGUAGE OF THE DRAMA.. 258

B. PUBLICISTS STYLE. 264

1. ORATORY AND SPEECHES. 265

2. THE ESSAY.. 269

3. JOURNALISTIC ARTICLES. 271

C. NEWSPAPER STYLE. 272

1. BRIEF NEWS ITEMS. 274

2. ADVERTISEMENTS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS. 277

3. THE HEADLINE. 279

4. THE EDITORIAL. 281

D. SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE. 283

E. THE STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 288

FINAL REMARKS. 293

PART I INTRODUCTION

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