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Working on a computer—either a mainframe or a personal computer—requires that the user keep track of a library of information that is organized into files. Files are units of information (programs, documents, data, and so on) to which the user or software can assign a name. The systems, utility, and applications software all work with files. A common utility software command is to provide a list of the names of the files. Files are often modified, copied between disks or between disk and tape, or combined with language software to write and run programs. These and numerous other operations fall into the utility software category.
In many cases, the utility software is integrated with the system software in such a way that the user gives a single command and the combination of operating system and utility software carries it out. There also exists utility software, separate from the operating system, for working with files. Examples include PC Tools and the Norton Utilities.
Applications Software
By far the largest amount of software available to the computer user is in the area of applications software. The applications for which software has been written cover the entire range of human activities. Applications software is available for a wide range of topics, such as religion, politics, astronomy, marriage counseling, contract bridge, horse racing, generating of lottery numbers, genealogy, finance, word processing, and ham radio. All the computer applications are examples of the use of applications software. In fact, it would be safe to say that software exists (or will soon exist) for any topic you can think of.
Most applications software is available in the form of software packages, which include programs and a written description, called the documentation, of the program. The documentation will often include a user's manual that provides detailed instructions on using the package.
A problem with applications software is how to find the proper software for a given application. Mainframe computer centers usually have libraries that contain information on new software as well as offer classes on using software. Personal computer software is widely advertised in specialty magazines such as Byte and PC/Computing and is sold through retail outlets and by mail. Software packages are often reviewed in newspapers and magazines, and seminars and classes on using existing software are also available.
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