mangrove [ˈmæŋɡrəʊv] swamp

Wordlist: Сollins Writing

Unit 1: Gender roles

· aggressive (aggression)

· authoritative (authority) [ɔːˈθɒrɪtətɪv]

· competitive (competition)

· compliant (compliance) [kəmˈplaɪənt]

· gentle (gentleness)

· strong (strength)

· vulnerable (vulnerability)

ü (not) an exclusively feminine/masculine characteristic

ü to show vulnerability

ü to be praised for compliance/leadership

ü to promote equality of opportunity for men and women

ü gender inequality in the workplace

Unit 2: Diet and nutrition

· Organic food = food grown without artificial fertilizers or pesticides.

· Fast food = food that can be obtained quickly form a restaurant.

· Seasonal produce = fruit/vegetables available at certain times of the year.

· Dietary supplement = tablets or foods taken to improve nutrition.

· Genetically modified food = containing genes which have been altered.

· Convenience food = needs little preparation and can be used at any time.

· Vegetarianism [ˌvɛdʒɪˈtɛərɪənɪz(ə)m] = a diet without meet or fish.

· Obesity [ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪtɪ] = condition of being very overweight.

· Malnutrition [ˌmælnjuːˈtrɪʃ(ə)n] = physical weakness resulting from lack of food or poor diet.

Unit 3: Educational goals

· academic dishonesty

· continuous assessment

· educational standards

· rote learning

· formal examinations

· higher education

· critical thinking (these skills helps you evaluate information)

ü to say by rote, to recite by rote

ü to sit formal/end-of-term/university entrance examinations

Unit 4: Biodiversity

· estuary [ˈɛstjʊərɪ]

mangrove [ˈmæŋɡrəʊv] swamp

· desert [ˈdɛzət], [dɪˈzɜːt]

· grassland

· oil spills

· intensive farming

· strip mining

· logging [ˈlɒɡɪŋ]

· overgrazing

· rainforest

· acid rain

· global warming

ü the loss of natural grasslands

ü indiscriminate logging

ü the thinning of the arctic icecap

ü soil erosion

ü degradation of estuaries

Unit 5: Global English

· bilingual

· foreign language

· lingua franca [ˌlɪnɡʊʌˈfræŋkə]

· minority languages

· mother-tongue

· non-native

· official language

· standard form

· loanword (café)

· a colloquialism (wanna)

· a dialect of English (Geordie)

· a saying (There’s more than one way to skin a cat)

· an obsolete term (thou)

· a technical term (refraction)

· text speak (lol)

Unit 6: The Internet

· online banking

· social networking

· Internet shopping

· accessing the news

· instant messaging

· searching for information

§ distinctive = unique, special and characteristic

§ noticeable = easy to see

§ significant = most important

§ underlying = real and basic but not obvious

§ widespread = affecting many people or places

Unit 7: Сonsumer spending

Articles of expenditure: Food and drink, Transportation, Clothing and footwear, Entertainment, Housing, Dining out, Utilities, Home furnishings.

· disposable income

· personal debt

· goods and services

· consumer confidence

· household expenditure

· domestic unit

· necessities

· possessions

ü to take action to avoid getting into debt

ü to make financial decisions

ü to save money for costly purchases

ü to buy smth ON credit

ü to model sensible purchasing behavior

Unit 8

· adult => adulthood

· adolescent => adolescence

· infant => infancy

· pensioner => old age

· child => childhood

Rights	Responsibilities
To be entitled to To be empowered to To be allowed to To be authorized to To be permitted to	To have a duty to To be obliged to To be committed to To be required to To be held accountable for To be compelled to To be coerced into

ü To exercise too much control OVER sb

ü To interfere IN sb’s life

ü To negotiate responsibilities WITH sb

ü To impose responsibilities ON sb

ü To cooperate WITH sb

ü The age OF criminal responsibility

ü To set standards OF behavior

ü To take smth INTO account

ü To behave IN the best interests OF sb (e.g. clients)

Unit 9: An ageing population

density of population = the degree to which an area is filled with people

to accelerate = to speed up

demographic = relating to population

census = the count of the population

aged = old

a boom = a rapid rise

(to be) a burden (for sb) = an obligation

pension = a regular payment made by government or former employer to a person who has stopped working

longevity = long life

nursing home = a hospital or home for people who are old or ill

care-giver = a person who looks after the elderly or sick

to retire = to give up work especially on reaching pensionable age

mortality = the number of deaths in a given period

fertility = the ability to produce children

median = the middle point in a range of values

family planning = the control of the number of children in a family

chronic = serious, incurring and/or long lasting

ü increasing public health costs

ü lower fertility rate

ü decreasing mortality from infectious diseases

ü increasing incidence of chronic illnesses (e.g. arthritis)

ü growing pressure on care givers

ü dwindling pension funds

Unit 10: Fame

fame = stardom

ambition = aspiration

achievement = accomplishment

shortcoming = flaw

idol = icon

transient = short-lived

endorse = approve

image = impression

infamous = notorious

Unit 11: The car

· cycle route ahead

· frail pedestrians likely ahead

· end of motorway

· traffic queues likely

· road works ahead

· bus lane at road junction ahead

· speed cameras in the area

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