Kenshin Oshima

MAKING MONEY OUT OF MONEY

For seven years, Kenshin Oshima had a very good job at the firm Mitsui and Co. But, at the age of 29, he did something very rare for a Japanese manager in his position — he resigned.

Oshima earned a good salary at Mitsui, but he wanted to make a lot of money, and to be very rich he needed to have his own company. He couldn't afford to start a company immediately, but during his years at Mitsui he spent very little money, and saved as much as he could.

In 1978, he invested his money, $236,500 in total, in his new company, Shohkoh Fund and Co. Shohkoh Fund specialized in lending money to businesses, but in small sums. This decision was a risk, as money-lending by private companies was not a respectable job in 1978. His first client was a firm in Tokyo, which paid back the money that it owed at an interest rate of 24%.

But his idea was good: his profits rose by 25% a year, and reached $38.5 million in 1992. He owns 80% of Shohkoh, and his shares in the company are now worth $997 million.

So, Oshima is now a billionaire, or nearly, but his strategy for the company is still the same: even now he specializes in smaller loans (a typical client borrows only $40,000), and he personally examines the references of every new client.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

PREREADING ACTIVITY

Discuss the following questions

1. What are some advantages of international trade? Consider this from the perspectives of both importer and exporter.

2. What are some disadvantages of international trade? Again, consider both parties.

3. What commodities does your country export? What are the three biggest imports?

VOCABULARY

Below is a list of terms that you will find in the text. As you read "Why Nations Trade", see if you understand each term. Use this as a working list and add other terms with which you are unfamiliar.

NOUNS	VERBS	ADJECTIVES	OTHERS
resource	restrict	national	efficiently
output	import	global	domestically
standard of living	lack	scarce
expertise	export	advantageous
absolute	suit
comparative advantage	enab1e

WHY NATIONS TRADE?

The sale of goods and services is not restricted to local, regional, or national markets; it often takes place on an international basis. Nations import goods that they lack or cannot produce as efficiently as other nations, and they export goods that they can produce more efficiently. This exchange of goods and services in the world, or global market is known as international trade. There are three main benefits to be gained from this type of exchange.

First, international trade makes scarce goods available to nations that need or desire them. When a nation lacks the resources needed to produce goods domestically, it may import them from another country.

For example, Saudi Arabia imports automobiles; the United States, bananas; and Japan, oil.

Second, international trade allows a nation to specialize in production of those goods for which it is particularly suited. This often results in increased output, decreased costs, and higher national standard of living. Natural, human, and technical resources help determine which products a nation will specialize in. Saudi Arabia is able to specialize in petroleum because it has the necessary natural resource; Japan is able to specialize in production of televisions because it has the human resources required to assemble the numerous components by hand; and the United States is able to specialize in the computer industry because it has the technical expertise necessary for design and production.

There are two economic principles that help explain how and when specialization is advantageous. According to the theory of absolute advantage, a nation ought to specialize in the goods that it can produce more cheaply than its competitors or in the goods that no other nation is able to produce. According to the theory of comparative advantage, a nation ought to concentrate on the products that it can produce both grain and wine cheaply, but it specializes in the one which will be more profitable.

The third benefit of international trade is its political effects. Nations that trade together develop common interests which may help them overcome political differences. Economic cooperation has been the foundation for many political alliances, such as the European Economic Community (Common Market) founded in 1957.

International trade has done much to improve global conditions. It enables countries to import goods they lack or cannot produce domestically. It allows countries to specialize in certain goods with increased production and decreased prices. Finally, it opens the channels of communication between nations.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14